| Summary: | 博士 === 國立政治大學 === 民族研究所 === 102 === "Southern Barbarian Event", which occurred in 1914, was a conflict when the Japanese governor Sakuma extended a five-year-plan to confiscate firearms. At that time, the tribes of Bunun, Rukai, and Paiwan resisted handing them over. This study focuses on Paiwan tribe. Only in the southern region of Paiwan tribe did people refuse to obey the rules, the clash lasted five months; under the attack of Japanese warships, landmines, and mountain artillery, the proud chiefs of Paiwan tribe were forced to surrender and pledged allegiance to Japan. This research employs methodology of historic anthropology. We obtained information from historical archives and native oral history, dialogued with social cultural structure of Paiwan tribe to analyze and describe their viewpoints toward southern Barbarian Event and its impact on their society and culture. The purpose of the research is to construct a historical perspective with Paiwan sovereignty in order to benefit Paiwan tribe with a sound ethnic identity. Besides the introduction and the conclusion, the full text is composed of five chapters, fifteen sections, approximately 220,000 words. The findings of each chapter are as follows.
Chapter 1 Owing to geographical restraints, frequency of wars, as well as diverse religions and cultures, Paiwan chiefdom was developed into different types, such as tribal, marriage-connected, and ultra tribal types. Southern Barbarian Event happened in the southern ultra tribal chiefdom mainly because it was easy to mobilize vast human resources and material and the people were experienced in wars and thus fearless of the threat of Japanese force.
Chapter 2 Firearms entered Paiwan society through trade, bribery, tribute, or plunder. Weapons advanced alongside with the entry of sophisticated weapons to Taiwan. Japanese government believed that the possession of guns influenced public security and economic development of the mountains. Hence, they launched a five-year plan to confiscate firearms. However, guns symbolized the second life of Paiwan males. Guns not only functioned as basic tools for livelihood but also were endowed with cultural significance. Paiwan males fought against the confiscation at the cost of their lives.
Chapter 3 This chapter analyzes the clash between Japan and Paiwan based on documents and oral history. Seen from the Japanese point of view, the conflict happened because Paiwan refused to hand over the firearms. Seen from the angle of Paiwan, the direct cause of the conflict was the confiscation of firearms, enkindled by the cultural practice such as clan revenge, head-hunting, and ilavas, whose meaning is similar to looting. On the battlefield, Paiwan warriors frequently attacked actively instead of the rumored hit and run strategy. "To restrain a clan by way of another clan" was involved in a different interpretation in its ethnic relations under the social organization of Paiwan double clan system: to relieve the conflict between the clans. The Japanese regarded that the submission resulted from Paiwan's fear of Japanese force. On the other hand, Paiwan had the concept that allegiance to Japan meant "idjalu", an embellishment of emotions. Nobel chiefs should accept rare ceremony. All in all, it was an asymmetrical war, with a wide margin of military power and cognition. Both parties held diverse definitions on its motivation, warfare and submission.
Chapter 4 This chapter compares the actions of Japan and Paiwan in this event and approached it from Paiwan perspective by resorting to Paiwan sovereignty and its social, cultural structure. The comparison displays a unique feature: in each respect of motivation, warfare, and submission, Paiwan always acted within the cultural norms in this event. As to the sovereignty, the military engagement of Paiwan chiefdom union, virtual and actual handover of the firearms, together with the restraint of inner double clan organization, all demonstrated the mobility and autonomy in the clash. Paiwan social cultural structure, including the maintenance for the honor of the chief, the revenge of clans, the cultural practice of head-hunting and ilavas, contributed to Paiwan's fearlessness of Japanese military power and their bravery in kindling the flame of "Southern Barbarian Event".
Chapter 5 After "Southern Barbarian Event", the defensive power of Paiwan chiefdom was weakened, and Japan enforced its assimilation policy unbridledly. As a result, chiefdom society was deconstructed under the policy of "group settlement". The system of economic redistribution, the centralization of land, and the change of tribute system slashed the authority of the chief. Religion and culture declined because Japanese police urged the staff and youth group to slander their value. Collective settlement and education broke the boundary of ethnic consciousness, budding the symbol of "Paiwan as an imaginary community".
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