A Study on the Patterns of Traditional Settlement Based on the Perspective of “Jing”

• Main Authors: Yuan Miao, 繆遠
• Other Authors: Shang-chia Chiou, Ph.D.
• Format: Others
• Language: zh-TW
• Published: 2015
• Online Access: http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77453476649907173356

博士 === 國立雲林科技大學 === 設計學研究所 === 103 === In regard to the study of settlement, there are two approaches: one is the material dimension, which is stable and visible, including the natural environment and the artificial environment; and the other is the immaterial dimension, which is dynamic and invisible, including the social environment formed by human behaviors. Both have intimate interactive relationship and corresponding impact with each other, thereby forming the settlement. The former research investigated the above two dimensions, but few combined these two together within the dynamic and temporal scope. Thus this research employs the Jing in the settlement as the research object. Through the spatial cultural phenomenon, the research builds the relations between the two dimensions, and observes the spatial development pattern of the settlement. First, the research overviews the former relevant literature on Jing from different fields, and then induces Jing in its spatial dimension which forms the spatial mode of the settlement, such as the districts in the material dimensions and the belief in the immaterial dimensions. Also, based on the former literature, the present research binds the space theory and methodology in the settlement pattern as the framework of the research. Second, the research divided the three location hierarchy from urban to village through township in Ningde, Fujian Province, and then selected the cases that correspond to the research according to the research scope within the definition of Jing. The research discussed the settlement pattern features and spatial movement patterns exhibited from the diachronic development of Jing space. Last, the research attempts to conclude the pattern of the separation and integration movement exhibited from Ningde, and further proposes the three dimensions of settlement pattern of Jing. (A) The factors—such as the difference of settlement population in the city, town, and village, racial groups, border territories, social structure, administration wills, industrial modes, and so on—lead to the differences of living modes in Jing and settlement. This suggests the first hierarchical level of settlement formation of Jing. That is, the condition of the settlement environment exerts impact upon the production and existence of Jing, and likewise, the Jing space has impact upon the settlement modes. (B) In the process of Jing’s development, the material space and the social space begin to change, and the change brings impact upon the settlement pattern. In this process of change, there is an interactive relationship between separation and integration in the material space and the social space. The second hierarchical level of Jing’s formation of the settlement is this: Jing that serves as the spatial unit in the livening community engenders the spatial separation and integration in the process of development, forming the settlement modes. (C) Jing that serves as an abstract social tool manages and coordinates the relations among the races, industrial structure, public rituals and so on. This is a method of organization in the social space, which embarks on the integration of the fragmentary material and social spaces, thereby achieving the fundamental goal of the harmony of social development. This indicates the third hierarchical level of the settlement pattern: Jing that serves as the social management tool above the settlement hierarchical level helps coordinate the relations among the racial groups, social resources, maintaining and sustaining the public relations. This forms the settlement pattern from the social behavioral space. The former research contends that the social relations among different tribes serve as the important cause of the division and difference of the settlement material space. However, the research further proposes the argument through the different Jing spatial phenomenon in Ningde: the development of the material space will cause the mobility of social space. The communal material space in the congenial blood relations, regional relations, and religious relations will form another social patterns to some extent, forming social behavioral division of material space. The integral social space produces the separation. However, the social space does not merely separate the settlement space. In the pattern of disparate village, the material space of the separation forms the integration of social space in the social behavior of ceremonial activities. Both material space and social space exhibit the pattern of separation and integration movements: separation and integration are, however, relative spatial phenomenon.