| Summary: | 碩士 === 臺北市立大學 === 數學系數學教育碩士在職專班 === 104 === This research used the TIMSS 2011 database of Taiwan and Japan to explore the factors that influence the math abilities of the 4th grade students, including individual characteristics, family environment, teachers’ instruction, and the students’ school backgrounds. The samples of this research are 4284 Taiwanese 4th graders and 4411 Japanese 4th graders. The data adopted descriptive statistics, independent-samples t test, and regression analysis. The findings are as follows：
1.The 4th grade students in Taiwan had better mathematics abilities. More students in Taiwan and Japan had better attitudes, confidence in mathematics, and more students engaged in mathematics lessons. Students in Taiwan and Japan had more home resources. Teachers in Taiwan and Japan use instructional approaches for teaching mathematics. Schools in Taiwan and Japan are safe and orderly .
2.Taiwanese and Japanese students with better attitudes, confidence, and interests in the classroom had better mathematics abilities. The more books to enrich students’ families, the better mathematics abilities they had. For Taiwanese and Japanese students, the interaction between instructional approaches and mathematics abilities were not significant. School backgrounds does influence Taiwanese students' mathematics abilities.
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