| Summary: | 碩士 === 中山醫學大學 === 視光學系碩士班 === 106 === Purpose: Many clinical optometrists have indicated that binocular vision might be influence on children’s behavior or performance, but is short of references for verifing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between temperament and binocular vision for kindergarten children.
Methods: There were totally 32 healthy children age from 5 to 6 participanted in the study, parents and school teachers were also included. Binocular examination included refracive errors, habitual distance and near visual acuity, dextrocularity or sinistrocularity, cover-uncover test, pupillary response, fixation, pursuit, saccades, stereoacuity, color vision, near point of accommodation, and Visual-motor Integration (The Beert-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration, VMI). In addition, an questionnaire about children’s health, nutrition, upbringing, sleep hours, leisure activities, TV and mobile or iPAD use; attaching Temperament assessment battery for children(TABC) were all ask to finish by parents and school teachers before binocular examination.
Results: There were 14 boys (43.8%) and 18 girls (56.3%), participants showed lower BMI index (n=28, 87.5%), high percent of irritable the physique(n=18, 56.3%) and sleep inadequate (n=23, 71.9% under 8-9 hour). Most children were the eldest child in their families(n=25, 78.1%) and 10 of them(31.3%) were singleton.
Binocular examinations indicated all participants had more or less refractive errors, 40.6%(n=13) children were myopic, 37.5%(n=12) were hyperopic, 84.4%(n=27) were astigmastic, and 31.3% (n=10) were anisometropia. It was astonished that 8 (Distance VA) to 10 (Near VA) children had poor visual acuity, but only one child had been prescribed corrective lenses. 59.4% children were dextrocularity(n=19) and 40.6% were sinistrocularity(n=13). Most children had normal pupillary response(n=31, 96.9%), normal color vision(n=31, 96.9%), normal pursuit(n=32, 100%), fixation (n=30, 93.8%), and scaccades(n=31, 96.9%), but showed poor stereoacuity (n=5, 15.6%) and poor accommdation(n=13, 40.6%). Moreover, cover-uncover test detected above helf children were phoria(eso n=3, 9.4%; exo n=15, 46.9%).
Additionally, VIF (Variance Inflation Factor) values of linear regression analysis indicated that each variable is an independent factor. Processed foods and gender stood out as the main factor for modulating children’s Activity Level; the modulating factors about children’s Adaptability included habitual eye and near visual acuity (adjusted X2=0.281); Approach included habitual eye and fruit; Quality of mood included processed foods, irritable the physique and sleep (adjusted X2= 0.213); Distractibility included myopia, pupil response and phoria (adjusted X2= 0.51); Persistence was associated with Processed foods.
Conclusions: The cross-sectional pattern of molding children’s temperament might be the first study in Taiwan. It is still unknown if this pattern reflects a longitudinal effect, as environment is generally diversified and complex. Some of these modulators may be due to the part of the learning process that requires attention or adaptability. It should be mentioned that binocular vision, especially habtiual eye, near visual acuity, phoria(exo and exo), and accommodation might play the leading role in children’s temperament cultivation, and might have influence on their learning and social skill in the future.
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