| Summary: | 博士 === 國立雲林科技大學 === 設計學研究所 === 106 === This study reviewed theory and practice of international heritage preservation movement from the 19th century. It also explored formation of landscape concept and content, as well as specific application in heritage preservation. From perspective of landscape methodology, it probed into landscape as preservation concept of cultural heritage, analyzes the definition and essence of landscape, and proposed preservation with integrity. By four dimensions of landscape preservation, including scenery (object), landscape (view), landscape culture and place spirit, this study examined value and current situation of cultural heritage preservation of Gulangyu in Xiamen, and proposed corresponding preservation theory and strategy. The findings can serve as positive thinking and reference for modern cultural heritage preservation.
First, by study of phenomenology, people’s interactive experience in scenery (object) determines characteristics of setting and reflects essence of place. It showed landscape culture of a place, and resulted in unique sense of place in the area. In addition, based on essence of word construction and etymology of 「landscape」, it discussed the implication in the evolution and realizes that scenery (object) in reality includes people’s interactive experience in landscape (view) instead of simply the scenery or area. It further argued that in the process of 「view」 in 「landscape」, people convey cultural messages through their physical perception to lead to interaction such as specific management system, policy setting and community system in order to satisfy people’s needs, establish regional culture and result in local place spirit. From the perspective, conceptual model of 「landscape」 based cultural heritage preservation is as follows: (1) landscape reveals base of materials, the scenery (object); (2) landscape (view) shows interaction between humans and environment. It is 「view」 of landscape; (3) landscape reflects cultural identity and it is landscape culture; (4) landscape shows sense of place and it is place spirit; the previous four aspects are based on 「human」 as subject to connect with and influence each other. The study of cultural heritage preservation by 「landscape」 means 「integral」 preservation of constantly growing and changing heritage setting to reveal the continuity of long-term development of cultural heritage preservation.
Finally, this study treated Gulangyu of Xiamen as the case and adopted the concept of 「landscape」 preservation to examine the preservation of Gulangyu cultural heritage. Through literature review, field study and Grounded Theory, in interaction between humans and environment, this study realizes the following. First, in early times, Gulangyu of Xiamen, influenced by multi-cultures, is an island with characteristics. The values of cultural heritage include (1) preservation value of scenery (object): 「geographic advantages, community integrity, well of life, setting of architecture and style of architecture」; (2) preservation value of landscape (view): 「scientific management」; (3) preservation value of landscape culture: 「community culture, religion and music and fusion of multiple cultures」; (4) preservation value of place spirit: 「life atmosphere and cultural identity」; including 11 main categories. Second, due to the effects of historic factors and tourism commercialization in recent years, Gulangyu encounters some obstacles of cultural heritage preservation, including (1) preservation of scenery (object): 「damage on ecology, loss of residents, community issue, complicated property right, heritage protection, heritage restoration, heritage use and heritage exhibition」; (2) preservation of landscape (view): 「tourism commercialization, tourism experience and heritage management」; (3) preservation of landscape culture: 「loss of culture」; (4) protection of place spirit: 「deficiency of place spirit」; including 13 main categories. Third, corresponding cultural heritage protection strategies are below: (1) preservation strategy of scenery (object): 「retain the residents, upgrade community environment, heritage preservation strategy, heritage restoration strategy, heritage use strategy and heritage exhibition strategy」; (2) preservation strategy of landscape (view): 「heritage education, upgrading of tourism experience, heritage management, multi-sensory landscape protection」; (3) preservation strategy of landscape culture: 「inheritance of cultural heritage」; (4) place spirit protection strategy: 「reconstruction of place spirit」; including 12 main categories. According to value, problem and strategy of Gulangyu, with four dimensions of landscape, this study constructs integrity model of cultural heritage preservation of Gulangyu as reference of preservation for Gulangyu and similar cultural heritage places.
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