Azo dye biodegradation and the effect of immobilization on pseudomonas sp.ADD16-2.

by Yung-Ho Chow. === Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. === Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-173). === ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i === ABSTRACT --- p.ii === LIST OF TABLES --- p.iii === LIST OF FIGURES --- p.iv === ABBREVIATION --- p.vi === Chapter CHAPTER 1 ---...

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Bibliographic Details
Other Authors: Chow, Yung-Ho.
Format: Others
Language:English
Published: 1997
Subjects:
Online Access:http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889113
http://repository.lib.cuhk.edu.hk/en/item/cuhk-321903
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Summary:by Yung-Ho Chow. === Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. === Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-173). === ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i === ABSTRACT --- p.ii === LIST OF TABLES --- p.iii === LIST OF FIGURES --- p.iv === ABBREVIATION --- p.vi === Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 === Chapter 1.1 --- Azo dyes --- p.3 === Chapter 1.2 --- Chemistry of azo dyes --- p.3 === Chapter 1.2.1 --- Synthesis of azo dyes --- p.3 === Chapter 1.2.2 --- Oxidation and reduction --- p.4 === Chapter 1.2.3 --- Dyeing --- p.4 === Chapter 1.2.4 --- Staining to biological materials --- p.5 === Chapter 1.3 --- Toxicity of azo dyes --- p.5 === Chapter 1.3.1 --- Toxicity to mammals --- p.6 === Chapter 1.3.2 --- Toxicity to microorganisms --- p.6 === Chapter 1.4 --- Degradation of azo dyes --- p.9 === Chapter 1.4.1 --- Degradation of azo dyes by mammalian system --- p.9 === Chapter 1.4.2 --- Degradation of azo dyes by fungi system --- p.10 === Chapter 1.4.3 --- Degradation of azo dyes by bacteria --- p.11 === Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Requirement of cofactors --- p.12 === Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Effect of oxygen --- p.13 === Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Effect of cell permeability --- p.14 === Chapter 1.4.3.4 --- Redox potential and rate of dye degradation --- p.15 === Chapter 1.4.3.5 --- Rate of dye degradation --- p.15 === Chapter 1.4.4 --- Azo-reductase --- p.18 === Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Microsomal azo-reductase --- p.18 === Chapter 1.4.4.2 --- Bacterial azo-reductase --- p.19 === Chapter 1.5 --- Immobilization of microorganisms --- p.19 === Chapter 1.5.1 --- Gel matrix for entrapment --- p.20 === Chapter 1.5.2 --- Effect of gel entrapment to microbial cells --- p.21 === Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Reduced diffusion of substrates in gel --- p.22 === Chapter 1.5.2.2 --- Effects in growth patterns --- p.22 === Chapter 1.5.2.3 --- Protection of entrapped microbial cells --- p.23 === Chapter 1.5.2.4 --- Increase metabolic activities --- p.26 === Chapter 1.5.2.5 --- Reduction of water activity --- p.27 === Chapter 1.5.2.6 --- Prolongation of products formation --- p.27 === Chapter 1.6 --- Application of immobilized microorganisms in bio-remediation of azo dyes --- p.28 === Chapter 1.7 --- Purpose of study --- p.28 === Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.29 === Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.31 === Chapter 2.1.1 --- Chemicals --- p.31 === Chapter 2.1.2 --- Bacteria --- p.36 === Chapter 2.1.3 --- Instruments --- p.36 === Chapter 2.1.4 --- Media --- p.37 === Chapter 2.1.4.1 --- Luria Broth medium --- p.37 === Chapter 2.1.4.2 --- Minimal medium --- p.37 === Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.38 === Chapter 2.2.1 --- Culture of Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.38 === Chapter 2.2.2 --- Purification and characterization of azo-reductase --- p.38 === Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Preparation of crude extract --- p.38 === Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Purification of azo-reductase --- p.39 === Chapter 2.2.2.2a --- Preparation of SDS-polyacrylamide gel --- p.40 === Chapter 2.2.2.2b --- Sample preparation and application --- p.41 === Chapter 2.2.2.2c --- Electrophoresis condition --- p.41 === Chapter 2.2.2.2d --- Staining of gel by Commasie blue --- p.41 === Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Measurement of azo-reductase activity --- p.41 === Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Determination of effect of pH to azo- reductase activity --- p.42 === Chapter 2.2.3 --- Measurement of azo dye decolourization rate by whole cells of Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.42 === Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Preparation of cells --- p.42 === Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Measurement of azo dye decolourization rate --- p.43 === Chapter 2.2.4 --- Measurement of azo dye decolourization rate by crude extract of Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.43 === Chapter 2.2.5 --- Determination of dye degradation products by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) --- p.46 === Chapter 2.2.6 --- Measurement of redox potential of azo dyes --- p.47 === Chapter 2.2.7 --- Determination of the effect of cell permeation agents on dye degradation --- p.48 === Chapter 2.2.8 --- Determination of cell permeability --- p.48 === Chapter 2.2.9 --- To study the effect of the presence of dye degradation products or added aromatic amines to dye degradation --- p.49 === Chapter 2.2.9.1 --- Whole cell reactions --- p.50 === Chapter 2.2.9.2 --- Crude extract or purified azo-reductase reaction --- p.50 === Chapter 2.2.10 --- Immobilization of cells by different matrix --- p.50 === Chapter 2.2.10.1 --- Preparation of cells for immobilization --- p.50 === Chapter 2.2.10.2 --- Immobilization by calcium alginate --- p.51 === Chapter 2.2.10.3 --- Immobilization by K-carrageenan --- p.51 === Chapter 2.2.10.4 --- Immobilization by polyacrylamide gel --- p.52 === Chapter 2.2.10.5 --- Immobilization by agarose gel --- p.52 === Chapter 2.2.10.6 --- Measurement of viability of immobilized cells --- p.53 === Chapter 2.2.10.7 --- Measurement of azo dye degradation rate in immobilized cell system --- p.53 === Chapter 2.2.10.8 --- Measurement of intracellular K in calcium alginate immobilized cells --- p.53 === Chapter 2.2.10.9 --- Long term batch culture of immobilized cells --- p.53 === Chapter 2.2.11 --- Determination of toxicities of azo dyes and aromatic amines --- p.54 === Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RESULTS --- p.55 === Chapter 3.1 --- Purification of azo-reductase 、 --- p.56 === Chapter 3.2 --- Properties of azo-reductase --- p.63 === Chapter 3.3 --- Degradation of azo dyes --- p.73 === Chapter 3.3.1 --- Degradation profiles --- p.73 === Chapter 3.3.2 --- Products of dye degradation --- p.80 === Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of cell permeability on dye degradation rate --- p.94 === Chapter 3.3.4 --- Induction of dye degradation rate by prior dye degradation exercise or by direct addition of aromatic amines --- p.97 === Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of immobilization --- p.114 === Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effect of different immobilization matrix --- p.114 === Chapter 3.4.2 --- Toxicities of different azo dyes and aromatic amines to free and immobilized cells --- p.124 === Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effect of azo dyes and aromatic amines at high concentrations on free and on immobilized cells --- p.124 === Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.145 === Chapter 4.1 --- Degradation of azo dyes by Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.146 === Chapter 4.2 --- Permeability of azo dyes in Pseudomonas sp. ADD 16-2 --- p.150 === Chapter 4.3 --- Induction of dye degradation rate --- p.155 === Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of immobilization --- p.159 === CONCLUSION --- p.161 === REFERENCE --- p.162 === APPENDIX --- p.174 === appendix 1 Structures of azo dyes that have similar structures to Orange G --- p.175 === appendix 2 Absorption profiles of azo dye degradation products taken at different time intervals --- p.178 === appendix 3 Effect of pre-incubation time to dye degradation rate of Orange I by Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.183 === appendix 4 Effect of calcium ions (0-0.2 M) to (A) dye degradation and (B) viability of cells --- p.185 === appendix 5 Effect of ATP on induction effect of Orange I on whole cells of Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.187 === appendix 6 Summary of azo dyes that were degraded by Pseudomonas putida AD1 cells --- p.189