| Summary: | Influenza virus infections cause considerable morbidity and mortality in the world. Current immunization against influenza is provided using parenterally given influenza vaccines. These vaccines can induce good systemic immunity but they fail to induce a protective mucosal immunity. Because of persisting threat of new highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes development, a vaccination inducing intersubtypic cross-protection is desirable. The principal aims of the present study were: firstly, to explore the effect of Bacillus firmus (BF) and its delipidated form (DBF) as mucosal adjuvants for immunization via respiratory tract, secondly to test the potencial of BF and DBF to induce intrasubtypic and intersubtypic protection and finally to characterize the mechanism of adjuvant effect. (...) The mechanism of adjuvant effect was tested in NALT after intranasal immunization of mice by inactivated influenza virus type A, adjuvant alone (DBF) and by mixture of virus+DBF. We tested the expression of selected genes for cytokines, toll-like receptors and other genes participating in immune response by qPCR. Intranasally given DBF and mainly mixture virus+DBF induced expression of cytokines characteristic for Th1 immune response (IFN-and IL-2) whereas expression of genes characteristic for Th2 was decreased (IL-4)....
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