Britain's Second Embassy to China : Lord Amherst's 'Special Mission' to the Jiaqing Emperor in 1816

Lord Amherst's diplomatic mission to the Qing Court in 1816 was the second British embassy to China. The first led by Lord Macartney in 1793 had failed to achieve its goals. It was thought that Amherst had better prospects of success, but the intense diplomatic encounter that greeted his arriva...

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Main Author: Stevenson, Caroline (auth)
Format: eBook
Published: Canberra ANU Press 2021
Subjects:
Online Access:Get fulltext
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100 1 |a Stevenson, Caroline  |e auth 
245 1 0 |a Britain's Second Embassy to China : Lord Amherst's 'Special Mission' to the Jiaqing Emperor in 1816 
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300 |a 1 electronic resource (404 p.) 
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520 |a Lord Amherst's diplomatic mission to the Qing Court in 1816 was the second British embassy to China. The first led by Lord Macartney in 1793 had failed to achieve its goals. It was thought that Amherst had better prospects of success, but the intense diplomatic encounter that greeted his arrival ended badly. Amherst never appeared before the Jiaqing emperor and his embassy was expelled from Peking on the day it arrived. Historians have blamed Amherst for this outcome, citing his over-reliance on the advice of his Second Commissioner, Sir George Thomas Staunton, not to kowtow before the emperor. Detailed analysis of British sources reveal that Amherst was well informed on the kowtow issue and made his own decision for which he took full responsibility. Success was always unlikely because of irreconcilable differences in approach. China's conduct of foreign relations based on the tributary system required submission to the emperor, thus relegating all foreign emissaries and the rulers they represented to vassal status, whereas British diplomatic practice was centred on negotiation and Westphalian principles of equality between nations. The Amherst embassy's failure revised British assessments of China and led some observers to believe that force, rather than diplomacy, might be required in future to achieve British goals. The Opium War of 1840 that followed set a precedent for foreign interference in China, resulting in a century of 'humiliation'. This resonates today in President Xi Jinping's call for 'National Rejuvenation' to restore China's historic place at the centre of a new Sino-centric global order. 
540 |a Creative Commons 
546 |a English 
650 7 |a British & Irish history  |2 bicssc 
650 7 |a Asian history  |2 bicssc 
650 7 |a Modern history to 20th century: c 1700 to c 1900  |2 bicssc 
653 |a China 
653 |a Britain 
653 |a British Empire 
653 |a William Pitt 
653 |a Amherst 
653 |a Canton 
653 |a Kowtow 
653 |a tributary system