Assessment of Clinical Outcomes among Children and Adolescents Hospitalized with COVID-19 in 6 Sub-Saharan African Countries

• Main Authors: Aanyu, H.T (Author), Abdullahi, A.M (Author), Adejumo, P. (Author), African Forum for Research and Education in Health (AFREhealth) COVID-19 Research Collaboration on Children and Adolescents (Author), Agbeno, E.K (Author), Agyare, E. (Author), Amadi, O. (Author), Amoako, E. (Author), Byamungu, L.N (Author), Deckelbaum, R.J (Author), Dramowski, A. (Author), Enimil, A. (Author), Fowler, M.G (Author), Gachuno, O.W (Author), Hermans, M.P (Author), Ishoso, D.K (Author), Jeena, P.M (Author), Jibril, A.M (Author), Kinuthia, J. (Author), Kruger, M. (Author), MacHekano, R.N (Author), Martyn-Dickens, C. (Author), Masekela, R. (Author), Mbala-Kingebeni, P. (Author), Mellors, J.W (Author), Mills, E.J (Author), Mofenson, L.M (Author), Musoke, P. (Author), Muyembe-Tamfum, J.-J (Author), Nachega, J.B (Author), Noormahomed, E.V (Author), O'Connell, N. (Author), Otokoye, J.O (Author), Pillay, A. (Author), Pipo, M.T (Author), Rabie, H. (Author), Redfern, A. (Author), Rosenthal, P.J (Author), Sam-Agudu, N.A (Author), Sewankambo, N.K (Author), Siedner, M.J (Author), Sigwadhi, L.N (Author), Smith, G. (Author), Suleman, F. (Author), Sylverken, J. (Author), Tshilanda, M.B (Author), Tshilolo, L. (Author), Umar, L.W (Author), Umar, U.M (Author), Van Der Zalm, M.M (Author), Zumla, A. (Author)
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: American Medical Association 2022
• Subjects: adolescent; Adolescent; Africa south of the Sahara; Africa South of the Sahara; artificial ventilation; child; Child; Child, Hospitalized; Child, Preschool; COVID-19; female; Female; hospitalized child; human; Humans; infant; Infant; length of stay; Length of Stay; male; Male; mortality; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; oxygen therapy; pandemic; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; preschool child; Respiration, Artificial; SARS-CoV-2; virology; virus pneumonia
• Online Access: View Fulltext in Publisher

 Importance: Little is known about COVID-19 outcomes among children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa, where preexisting comorbidities are prevalent. Objective: To assess the clinical outcomes and factors associated with outcomes among children and adolescents hospitalized with COVID-19 in 6 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study was a retrospective record review of data from 25 hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and Uganda from March 1 to December 31, 2020, and included 469 hospitalized patients aged 0 to 19 years with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Exposures: Age, sex, preexisting comorbidities, and region of residence. Main Outcomes and Measures: An ordinal primary outcome scale was used comprising 5 categories: (1) hospitalization without oxygen supplementation, (2) hospitalization with oxygen supplementation, (3) ICU admission, (4) invasive mechanical ventilation, and (5) death. The secondary outcome was length of hospital stay. Results: Among 469 hospitalized children and adolescents, the median age was 5.9 years (IQR, 1.6-11.1 years); 245 patients (52.4%) were male, and 115 (24.5%) had comorbidities. A total of 39 patients (8.3%) were from central Africa, 172 (36.7%) from eastern Africa, 208 (44.3%) from southern Africa, and 50 (10.7%) from western Africa. Eighteen patients had suspected (n = 6) or confirmed (n = 12) multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Thirty-nine patients (8.3%) died, including 22 of 69 patients (31.9%) who required intensive care unit admission and 4 of 18 patients (22.2%) with suspected or confirmed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Among 468 patients, 418 (89.3%) were discharged, and 16 (3.4%) remained hospitalized. The likelihood of outcomes with higher vs lower severity among children younger than 1 year expressed as adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was 4.89 (95% CI, 1.44-16.61) times higher than that of adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. The presence of hypertension (aOR, 5.91; 95% CI, 1.89-18.50), chronic lung disease (aOR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.65-5.37), or a hematological disorder (aOR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.04-9.24) was associated with severe outcomes. Age younger than 1 year (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [asHR], 0.48; 95% CI, 0.27-0.87), the presence of 1 comorbidity (asHR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.40-0.72), and the presence of 2 or more comorbidities (asHR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.18-0.38) were associated with reduced rates of hospital discharge. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of children and adolescents hospitalized with COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa, high rates of morbidity and mortality were observed among infants and patients with noncommunicable disease comorbidities, suggesting that COVID-19 vaccination and therapeutic interventions are needed for young populations in this region. © 2022 Nachega JB et al.