| Summary: | The BES1 (BRI1-EMSSUPPRESSOR1) gene family is a unique class of transcription factors that play dynamic roles in the Brassinosteroids (BRs) signaling pathway. The published genome se-quences of a large number of plants provide an opportunity to identify and perform a comprehensive functional study on the BES1 gene family for their potential roles in developmental processes and stress responses. A total of 135 BES1 genes in 27 plant species were recognized and characterized, which were divided into five well-conserved subfamilies. BES1 was not found in lower plants, such as Cyanophora paradoxa and Galdieria sulphuraria. The spatial expression profiles of BES1s in Arabidopsis, rice, and cotton, as well as their response to abiotic stresses, were analyzed. The overexpression of two rice BES1 genes, i.e., OsBES1-3 and OsBES1-5, promotes root growth under drought stress. The overexpression of GhBES1-4 from cotton enhanced the salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Five protein interaction networks were constructed and numerous genes co-expressed with GhBES1-4 were characterized in transgenic Arabidopsis. BES1 may have evolved in the ancestors of the first land plants following its divergence from algae. Our results lay the foundation for understanding the complex mechanisms of BES1-mediated developmental processes and abiotic stress tolerance. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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