Nitric Oxide Metabolism Affects Germination in Botrytis cinerea and Is Connected to Nitrate Assimilation

Nitric oxide regulates numerous physiological processes in species from all taxonomic groups. Here, its role in the early developmental stages of the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea was investigated. Pharmacological analysis demonstrated that NO modulated germination, germ tube elongation and nuc...

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Main Authors: Anta-Fernández, F. (Author), Becerra, S. (Author), Benito, E.P (Author), Díaz-Mínguez, J.M (Author), Santamaría, R. (Author), Santander-Gordón, D. (Author)
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI 2022
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Online Access:View Fulltext in Publisher
LEADER 02591nam a2200253Ia 4500
001 10.3390-jof8070699
008 220718s2022 CNT 000 0 und d
020 |a 2309608X (ISSN) 
245 1 0 |a Nitric Oxide Metabolism Affects Germination in Botrytis cinerea and Is Connected to Nitrate Assimilation 
260 0 |b MDPI  |c 2022 
856 |z View Fulltext in Publisher  |u https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8070699 
520 3 |a Nitric oxide regulates numerous physiological processes in species from all taxonomic groups. Here, its role in the early developmental stages of the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea was investigated. Pharmacological analysis demonstrated that NO modulated germination, germ tube elongation and nuclear division rate. Experimental evidence indicates that exogenous NO exerts an immediate but transitory negative effect, slowing down germination-associated processes, and that this effect is largely dependent on the flavohemoglobin BCFHG1. The fungus exhibited a “biphasic response” to NO, being more sensitive to low and high concentrations than to intermediate levels of the NO donor. Global gene expression analysis in the wild-type and ∆Bcfhg1 strains indicated a situation of strong nitrosative and oxidative stress determined by exogenous NO, which was much more intense in the mutant strain, that the cells tried to alleviate by upregulating several defense mechanisms, including the simultaneous upregulation of the genes encoding the flavohemoglobin BCFHG1, a nitronate monooxygenase (NMO) and a cyanide hydratase. Genetic evidence suggests the coordinated expression of Bcfhg1 and the NMO coding gene, both adjacent and divergently arranged, in response to NO. Nitrate assimilation genes were upregulated upon exposure to NO, and BCFHG1 appeared to be the main enzymatic system involved in the generation of the signal triggering their induction. Comparative expression analysis also showed the influence of NO on other cellular processes, such as mitochondrial respiration or primary and secondary metabolism, whose response could have been mediated by NmrA-like domain proteins. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 
650 0 4 |a development 
650 0 4 |a flavohemoglobin 
650 0 4 |a nitrosative stress 
650 0 4 |a secondary metabolism 
650 0 4 |a transcriptome 
700 1 |a Anta-Fernández, F.  |e author 
700 1 |a Becerra, S.  |e author 
700 1 |a Benito, E.P.  |e author 
700 1 |a Díaz-Mínguez, J.M.  |e author 
700 1 |a Santamaría, R.  |e author 
700 1 |a Santander-Gordón, D.  |e author 
773 |t Journal of Fungi