Bioaccumulation and distribution of indospicine and its foregut metabolites in camels fed indigofera spicata

• Main Authors: Al Jassim, R. (Author), Fletcher, M.T (Author), Giles, C. (Author), Netzel, G. (Author), Tan, E.T.T (Author), Yin, M. (Author), Yong, K.W.L (Author)
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2019
• Subjects: 2 aminopimelamic acid; 2 aminopimelic acid; 2-aminopimelamic acid; 2-aminopimelic acid; alpha-aminopimelic acid; amino acid; amino acid metabolism; Amino Acids, Neutral; animal; animal experiment; animal food; animal tissue; Animals; arginine; Article; autopsy; bioaccumulation; blood; camel; Camel; Camelus; chemical structure; digestive system; Digestive System; distribution parameters; excretion; food contamination; Food Contamination; food intake; food safety; Food safety; foregut; Foregut metabolites; in vitro study; In vivo; Indigofera; Indigofera spicata; indospicine; Indospicine; limit of quantitation; liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; metabolism; metabolite; microbial metabolism; natural product; nonhuman; norleucine; Norleucine; pimelic acid derivative; Pimelic Acids; plasma clearance; retrospective study; tissue distribution; Tissue Distribution; ultra performance liquid chromatography; unclassified drug
• Online Access: View Fulltext in Publisher; View in Scopus
• ISBN: 20726651 (ISSN)
• ISSN: 20726651 (ISSN)
• DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030169

In vitro experiments have demonstrated that camel foregut-fluid has the capacity to metabolize indospicine, a natural toxin which causes hepatotoxicosis, but such metabolism is in competition with absorption and outflow of indospicine from the different segments of the digestive system. Six young camels were fed Indigofera spicata (337 µg indospicine/kg BW/day) for 32 days, at which time three camels were euthanized. The remaining camels were monitored for a further 100 days after cessation of this indospicine diet. In a retrospective investigation, relative levels of indospicine foregut-metabolism products were examined by UHPLC-MS/MS in plasma, collected during both accumulation and depletion stages of this experiment. The metabolite 2-aminopimelamic acid could be detected at low levels in almost all plasma samples, whereas 2-aminopimelic acid could not be detected. In the euthanized camels, 2-aminopimelamic acid could be found in all tissues except muscle, whereas 2-aminopimelic acid was only found in the kidney, pancreas, and liver tissues. The clearance rate for these metabolites was considerably greater than for indospicine, which was still present in plasma of the remaining camels 100 days after cessation of Indigofera consumption. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.