Mental models and omissive causation

• Main Authors: Bello, P. (Author), Briggs, G. (Author), Khemlani, S. (Author), Wasylyshyn, C. (Author)
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Springer New York LLC 2018
• Subjects: Absences; adult; Adult; article; Causal reasoning; Double prevention; female; Female; human; human experiment; Humans; logic; Logic; male; Male; Mental models; Negative possibilities; Omissions; physiology; prediction; theoretical study; thinking; Thinking
• Online Access: View Fulltext in Publisher

 Some causal relations refer to causation by commission (e.g., “A gunshot causes death”), and others refer to causation by omission (e.g., “Not breathing causes death”). We describe a theory of the representation of omissive causation based on the assumption that people mentally simulate sets of possibilities—mental models—that represent causes, enabling conditions, and preventions (Goldvarg & Johnson-Laird, 2001). The theory holds that omissive causes, enabling conditions, and preventions each refer to distinct sets of possibilities. For any such causal relation, reasoners typically simulate one initial possibility, but they are able to consider alternative possibilities through deliberation. These alternative possibilities allow them to deliberate over finer-grained distinctions when reasoning about causes and effects. Hence, reasoners should be able to distinguish between omissive causes and omissive enabling conditions. Four experiments corroborated the predictions of the theory. We describe them and contrast the results with the predictions of alternative accounts of causal representation and inference. © 2018, This is a U.S. government work and its text is not subject to copyright protection in the United States; however, its text may be subject to foreign copyright protection.