Agro-pastoral ecotone Agro-pastoral ecotones 2 Northern China 2 Afforestation 1 Beta diversities 1 Beta diversity 1 Biodiversity 1 Biodiversity conservation 1 China 1 Climate change 1 Conservation 1 Conservation priorities 1 Conservation priority 1 Ecological uniqueness 1 Ecosystems 1 Fractal dimension 1 Fragmented landscapes 1 Future trends 1 Hot spot 1 Human activities 1 MODIS 1 NDVI 1 Normalized difference vegetation index 1 Process characteristics 1 Reforestation 1 Residual analysis 1 Residuals analysis 1 Restoration 1 Revegetation 1 Small patch 1