Alumina 1 Bending strength 1 Carbon steel 1 Computer simulation 1 Deformation 1 FE model 1 Friction welding 1 Hardness 1 Hardness changes 1 High strain rates 1 High temperature 1 Highest temperature 1 Interface 1 Interfaces (materials) 1 Interfacial property Intermetallic 1 Intermetallics 1 Phase formations 1 Rubbing surfaces 1 Strain 1 Stresses 1