Islam Confessionalization 1 Early history: c 500 to c 1450/1500 1 Islamic studies 1 Islamic theology 1 Islamism 1 Literary studies: classical, early & medieval 1 Middle East 1 Nasīhat 1 Ottoman Empire 1 Ottoman empire 1 Philosophy 1 Political thought 1 Religious history 1 Secularism 1 Sharia 1 cultural history 1 cultural influence 1 ethnopolitics 1 governance approach 1 morality 1 political history 1