Atmospheric temperature 1 Climate change 1 Climate modeling 1 Climate models 1 Climate variability and change 1 Earth system modeling 1 Earth system models 1 Future projections 1 Land-atmosphere couplings 1 Northern Hemisphere 1 Northern Hemispheres 1 Snow 1 Snow density 1 Snow layer 1 Surface properties 1 Surface temperatures 1 Temperature variability 1 climate modeling 1 land-atmosphere coupling 1 land-atmosphere interaction 1 snow density 1 surface temperature 1 temperature variability