PM10 Air quality Firearm identification Functional data AIR-QUALITY Air quality monitoring Air quality monitoring stations Anomaly detection Ballistics Basis functions Bayesian information criterion Clustering algorithms Cross-validation methods Cultivation Curve fitting Curve smoothing Data handling Firing pin impression Functional data analysis Functions Generalized cross validation Geometric moment Image processing Image segmentation Imputation Intermittency Least square estimators Malaysia Missing value NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION