Atomic force Atomic force microscopy Copper Copper oxides Crystallinities Electric properties Electrodeposition Electrolyte solutions Functional materials Hetero interfaces Heterointerface quality Heterojunctions High pH High quality Metallic films Methods of synthesis Nano-structuring Nanostructured Cu Nanostructured copper Oxide semiconductor Photovoltaic devices Photovoltaic measurements Scanning electrons Seed layer Solar cells Surface area Synthesis method Synthesis techniques Vapour deposition Zinc oxide