Anisotropic crystals Anisotropy Bacteria Bacterial hydrogel Bacterial–material interaction Biomechanics Cell encapsulations Defects Driven system Dynamic hydrogel Dynamical equation Energy changes Engineered living material Entropy Entropy changes Entropy production Entropy-based Environmental impact Explicit dependences Hamiltonians Hydrogels Internal energies Kibble-Zurek mechanism Living organisms Mammals Material function Material interactions Nonequilibrium phase transitions Open quantum systems Power-law