Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: The Underlying Mechanisms
Patients with advanced prostate cancer often develop bone metastases, leading to bone pain, skeletal fracture, and increased mortality. Bone provides a hospitable microenvironment to tumor cells. The disease manifestation is driven by the interaction between invading tumor cells, bone-forming osteob...
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doaj-1ceb01fb402c4783a2cc9b18d11248412020-11-24T21:27:42ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1422-00672019-05-012010258710.3390/ijms20102587ijms20102587Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: The Underlying MechanismsSok Kuan Wong0Nur-Vaizura Mohamad1Tijjani Rabiu Giaze2Kok-Yong Chin3Norazlina Mohamed4Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana5Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaPatients with advanced prostate cancer often develop bone metastases, leading to bone pain, skeletal fracture, and increased mortality. Bone provides a hospitable microenvironment to tumor cells. The disease manifestation is driven by the interaction between invading tumor cells, bone-forming osteoblasts, and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. The increased level of osteoclast-activating factor (parathyroid hormone-related peptide, PTHrP) is believed to induce bone resorption by upregulating receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and the release of various growth factors into the bone microenvironment to enhance cancer cell growth. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. This review outlines the possible molecular mechanisms involved in governing bone metastases driven by prostate cancer, which further provide the basis in searching for new molecular targets for the development of potential therapy.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/10/2587hormoneinflammationosteoprotegerinestrogen |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Sok Kuan Wong Nur-Vaizura Mohamad Tijjani Rabiu Giaze Kok-Yong Chin Norazlina Mohamed Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana |
spellingShingle |
Sok Kuan Wong Nur-Vaizura Mohamad Tijjani Rabiu Giaze Kok-Yong Chin Norazlina Mohamed Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: The Underlying Mechanisms International Journal of Molecular Sciences hormone inflammation osteoprotegerin estrogen |
author_facet |
Sok Kuan Wong Nur-Vaizura Mohamad Tijjani Rabiu Giaze Kok-Yong Chin Norazlina Mohamed Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana |
author_sort |
Sok Kuan Wong |
title |
Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: The Underlying Mechanisms |
title_short |
Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: The Underlying Mechanisms |
title_full |
Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: The Underlying Mechanisms |
title_fullStr |
Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: The Underlying Mechanisms |
title_full_unstemmed |
Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: The Underlying Mechanisms |
title_sort |
prostate cancer and bone metastases: the underlying mechanisms |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2019-05-01 |
description |
Patients with advanced prostate cancer often develop bone metastases, leading to bone pain, skeletal fracture, and increased mortality. Bone provides a hospitable microenvironment to tumor cells. The disease manifestation is driven by the interaction between invading tumor cells, bone-forming osteoblasts, and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. The increased level of osteoclast-activating factor (parathyroid hormone-related peptide, PTHrP) is believed to induce bone resorption by upregulating receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and the release of various growth factors into the bone microenvironment to enhance cancer cell growth. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. This review outlines the possible molecular mechanisms involved in governing bone metastases driven by prostate cancer, which further provide the basis in searching for new molecular targets for the development of potential therapy. |
topic |
hormone inflammation osteoprotegerin estrogen |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/10/2587 |
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