Microenvironmental Regulation of Chondrocyte Plasticity in Endochondral Repair—A New Frontier for Developmental Engineering
The majority of fractures heal through the process of endochondral ossification, in which a cartilage intermediate forms between the fractured bone ends and is gradually replaced with bone. Recent studies have provided genetic evidence demonstrating that a significant portion of callus chondrocytes...
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doaj-201655a593eb4d48ad1a48c1b72e5c302020-11-24T21:29:17ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology2296-41852018-05-01610.3389/fbioe.2018.00058358233Microenvironmental Regulation of Chondrocyte Plasticity in Endochondral Repair—A New Frontier for Developmental EngineeringSarah A. Wong0Sarah A. Wong1Kevin O. Rivera2Kevin O. Rivera3Theodore Miclau4Eben Alsberg5Ralph S. Marcucio6Ralph S. Marcucio7Chelsea S. Bahney8Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United StatesSchool of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United StatesDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United StatesSchool of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United StatesDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United StatesDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United StatesDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United StatesSchool of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United StatesDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United StatesThe majority of fractures heal through the process of endochondral ossification, in which a cartilage intermediate forms between the fractured bone ends and is gradually replaced with bone. Recent studies have provided genetic evidence demonstrating that a significant portion of callus chondrocytes transform into osteoblasts that derive the new bone. This evidence has opened a new field of research aimed at identifying the regulatory mechanisms that govern chondrocyte transformation in the hope of developing improved fracture therapies. In this article, we review known and candidate molecular pathways that may stimulate chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transformation during endochondral fracture repair. We also examine additional extrinsic factors that may play a role in modulating chondrocyte and osteoblast fate during fracture healing such as angiogenesis and mineralization of the extracellular matrix. Taken together the mechanisms reviewed here demonstrate the promising potential of using developmental engineering to design therapeutic approaches that activate endogenous healing pathways to stimulate fracture repair.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbioe.2018.00058/fullfractureendochondral ossificationchondrocyte fatedevelopmental engineeringtransdifferentiation |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Sarah A. Wong Sarah A. Wong Kevin O. Rivera Kevin O. Rivera Theodore Miclau Eben Alsberg Ralph S. Marcucio Ralph S. Marcucio Chelsea S. Bahney |
spellingShingle |
Sarah A. Wong Sarah A. Wong Kevin O. Rivera Kevin O. Rivera Theodore Miclau Eben Alsberg Ralph S. Marcucio Ralph S. Marcucio Chelsea S. Bahney Microenvironmental Regulation of Chondrocyte Plasticity in Endochondral Repair—A New Frontier for Developmental Engineering Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology fracture endochondral ossification chondrocyte fate developmental engineering transdifferentiation |
author_facet |
Sarah A. Wong Sarah A. Wong Kevin O. Rivera Kevin O. Rivera Theodore Miclau Eben Alsberg Ralph S. Marcucio Ralph S. Marcucio Chelsea S. Bahney |
author_sort |
Sarah A. Wong |
title |
Microenvironmental Regulation of Chondrocyte Plasticity in Endochondral Repair—A New Frontier for Developmental Engineering |
title_short |
Microenvironmental Regulation of Chondrocyte Plasticity in Endochondral Repair—A New Frontier for Developmental Engineering |
title_full |
Microenvironmental Regulation of Chondrocyte Plasticity in Endochondral Repair—A New Frontier for Developmental Engineering |
title_fullStr |
Microenvironmental Regulation of Chondrocyte Plasticity in Endochondral Repair—A New Frontier for Developmental Engineering |
title_full_unstemmed |
Microenvironmental Regulation of Chondrocyte Plasticity in Endochondral Repair—A New Frontier for Developmental Engineering |
title_sort |
microenvironmental regulation of chondrocyte plasticity in endochondral repair—a new frontier for developmental engineering |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |
issn |
2296-4185 |
publishDate |
2018-05-01 |
description |
The majority of fractures heal through the process of endochondral ossification, in which a cartilage intermediate forms between the fractured bone ends and is gradually replaced with bone. Recent studies have provided genetic evidence demonstrating that a significant portion of callus chondrocytes transform into osteoblasts that derive the new bone. This evidence has opened a new field of research aimed at identifying the regulatory mechanisms that govern chondrocyte transformation in the hope of developing improved fracture therapies. In this article, we review known and candidate molecular pathways that may stimulate chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transformation during endochondral fracture repair. We also examine additional extrinsic factors that may play a role in modulating chondrocyte and osteoblast fate during fracture healing such as angiogenesis and mineralization of the extracellular matrix. Taken together the mechanisms reviewed here demonstrate the promising potential of using developmental engineering to design therapeutic approaches that activate endogenous healing pathways to stimulate fracture repair. |
topic |
fracture endochondral ossification chondrocyte fate developmental engineering transdifferentiation |
url |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbioe.2018.00058/full |
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