Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction via Sonotrode of Phenolic Compounds from Orange By-Products

• Main Authors: María del Carmen Razola-Díaz, Eduardo Jesús Guerra-Hernández, Celia Rodríguez-Pérez, Ana María Gómez-Caravaca, Belén García-Villanova, Vito Verardo
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-05-01
• Series: Foods
• Subjects: Box–Behnken design; phenolic compounds; antioxidant activity; orange peel; sonotrode ultrasound-assisted extraction; HPLC-MS
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/5/1120

Orange peel is the main by-product from orange juice industry. It is a known source of bioactive compounds, mostly phenolic compounds, and it has been widely studied for its healthy activities. Thus, this research focuses on the establishment of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds in orange peel using a sonotrode. For this purpose, a Box–Behnken design of 27 experiments was carried out with four independent factors—ratio ethanol/water (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>), time (min), amplitude (%), and pulse (%). Quantitative analyses of phenolic compounds were performed and the antioxidant activity was measured by ABTS and DPPH methods. The validity of the experimental design was confirmed by ANOVA and the optimal sonotrode extraction conditions were obtained by response surface methodology (RSM). The extracts obtained in the established conditions were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometer detector and 74 polar compounds were identified. The highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity were obtained using 45/55 ethanol/water (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>), 35 min, amplitude 90% (110 W), and pulse 100%. The established method allows an increment of phenolics recovery up to 60% higher than a conventional extraction. Moreover, the effect of drying on phenolic content was also evaluated.