Detection and Monitoring of Tunneling-Induced Riverbed Deformation Using GPS and BeiDou: A Case Study

Shield tunneling under rivers often requires monitoring riverbed deformations in near real-time. However, it is challenging to measure riverbed deformation with conventional survey techniques. This study introduces a comprehensive method that uses the Global Positioning System (GPS) of the USA and t...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Wen Guo, Guoquan Wang, Yan Bao, Pengfei Li, Mingju Zhang, Qiuming Gong, Rui Li, Yang Gao, Ruibin Zhao, Shuilong Shen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2019-07-01
Series:Applied Sciences
Subjects:
GPS
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/13/2759