Sex-Associated Differential mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Its Regulation by Sex Steroids in Different Brain Regions in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA Model of Cerebral Malaria
Cerebral malaria (CM) is the major complication associated with death in malaria patients, and its pathogenesis is associated with excessive proinflammatory cytokine production. Notably, the severity and mortality of natural infections with Plasmodium are higher in males than females, suggesting tha...
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doaj-2db51bd6969645b0a1b5e2db261c6d972020-11-25T00:43:16ZengHindawi LimitedMediators of Inflammation0962-93511466-18612018-01-01201810.1155/2018/52587975258797Sex-Associated Differential mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Its Regulation by Sex Steroids in Different Brain Regions in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA Model of Cerebral MalariaMartha Legorreta-Herrera0Karen E. Nava-Castro1Margarita I. Palacios-Arreola2Rosalía Hernández-Cervantes3Jesús Aguilar-Castro4Luis A. Cervantes-Candelas5Jorge Morales-Montor6Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, MexicoLaboratorio de Genotoxicología y Medicina Ambientales, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, MexicoDepartamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, AP 70228, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, MexicoDepartamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, AP 70228, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, MexicoLaboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, MexicoLaboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, MexicoDepartamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, AP 70228, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, MexicoCerebral malaria (CM) is the major complication associated with death in malaria patients, and its pathogenesis is associated with excessive proinflammatory cytokine production. Notably, the severity and mortality of natural infections with Plasmodium are higher in males than females, suggesting that sexual hormones influence both the pathogenesis of and immune response in CM. However, no studies on inflammation mediators in the brains of both sexes have been reported. In this work, the mRNA expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 were measured in the preoptic area, hypothalamus, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, and lateral cortex regions of gonadectomized female and male CBA/Ca mice infected with P. berghei ANKA (a recognized experimental CM model). Our findings demonstrate that both infection with P. berghei ANKA and gonadectomy trigger a cerebral sex dimorphic mRNA expression pattern of the cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2. This dimorphic cytokine pattern was different in each brain region analysed. In most cases, infected males exhibited higher mRNA expression levels than females, suggesting that sexual hormones differentially regulate the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain and the potential use of gonadal steroids or their derivates in the immunomodulation of cerebral malaria.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5258797 |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Martha Legorreta-Herrera Karen E. Nava-Castro Margarita I. Palacios-Arreola Rosalía Hernández-Cervantes Jesús Aguilar-Castro Luis A. Cervantes-Candelas Jorge Morales-Montor |
spellingShingle |
Martha Legorreta-Herrera Karen E. Nava-Castro Margarita I. Palacios-Arreola Rosalía Hernández-Cervantes Jesús Aguilar-Castro Luis A. Cervantes-Candelas Jorge Morales-Montor Sex-Associated Differential mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Its Regulation by Sex Steroids in Different Brain Regions in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA Model of Cerebral Malaria Mediators of Inflammation |
author_facet |
Martha Legorreta-Herrera Karen E. Nava-Castro Margarita I. Palacios-Arreola Rosalía Hernández-Cervantes Jesús Aguilar-Castro Luis A. Cervantes-Candelas Jorge Morales-Montor |
author_sort |
Martha Legorreta-Herrera |
title |
Sex-Associated Differential mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Its Regulation by Sex Steroids in Different Brain Regions in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA Model of Cerebral Malaria |
title_short |
Sex-Associated Differential mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Its Regulation by Sex Steroids in Different Brain Regions in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA Model of Cerebral Malaria |
title_full |
Sex-Associated Differential mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Its Regulation by Sex Steroids in Different Brain Regions in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA Model of Cerebral Malaria |
title_fullStr |
Sex-Associated Differential mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Its Regulation by Sex Steroids in Different Brain Regions in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA Model of Cerebral Malaria |
title_full_unstemmed |
Sex-Associated Differential mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Its Regulation by Sex Steroids in Different Brain Regions in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA Model of Cerebral Malaria |
title_sort |
sex-associated differential mrna expression of cytokines and its regulation by sex steroids in different brain regions in a plasmodium berghei anka model of cerebral malaria |
publisher |
Hindawi Limited |
series |
Mediators of Inflammation |
issn |
0962-9351 1466-1861 |
publishDate |
2018-01-01 |
description |
Cerebral malaria (CM) is the major complication associated with death in malaria patients, and its pathogenesis is associated with excessive proinflammatory cytokine production. Notably, the severity and mortality of natural infections with Plasmodium are higher in males than females, suggesting that sexual hormones influence both the pathogenesis of and immune response in CM. However, no studies on inflammation mediators in the brains of both sexes have been reported. In this work, the mRNA expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 were measured in the preoptic area, hypothalamus, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, and lateral cortex regions of gonadectomized female and male CBA/Ca mice infected with P. berghei ANKA (a recognized experimental CM model). Our findings demonstrate that both infection with P. berghei ANKA and gonadectomy trigger a cerebral sex dimorphic mRNA expression pattern of the cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2. This dimorphic cytokine pattern was different in each brain region analysed. In most cases, infected males exhibited higher mRNA expression levels than females, suggesting that sexual hormones differentially regulate the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain and the potential use of gonadal steroids or their derivates in the immunomodulation of cerebral malaria. |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5258797 |
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