Genetic and epigenetic modifications of Sox2 contribute to the invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas.
We undertook this study to understand how the transcription factor Sox2 contributes to the malignant phenotype of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumor. We initially looked for unbalanced genomic rearrangements in the Sox2 locus in 42 GBM samples and found that Sox2...
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doaj-303c3fa6307b43d0ba009b421646c9fd2020-11-24T20:45:53ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032011-01-01611e2674010.1371/journal.pone.0026740Genetic and epigenetic modifications of Sox2 contribute to the invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas.Marta M AlonsoRicardo Diez-ValleLorea ManterolaAngel RubioDan LiuNahir Cortes-SantiagoLeire UrquizaPatricia JauregiAdolfo Lopez de MunainNicolás SampronAnder AramburuSonia Tejada-SolísCarmen VicenteMaría D OderoEva BandrésJesús García-FoncillasMiguel A IdoateFrederick F LangJuan FueyoCandelaria Gomez-ManzanoWe undertook this study to understand how the transcription factor Sox2 contributes to the malignant phenotype of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumor. We initially looked for unbalanced genomic rearrangements in the Sox2 locus in 42 GBM samples and found that Sox2 was amplified in 11.5% and overexpressed in all the samples. These results prompted us to further investigate the mechanisms involved in Sox2 overexpression in GBM. We analyzed the methylation status of the Sox2 promoter because high CpG density promoters are associated with key developmental genes. The Sox2 promoter presented a CpG island that was hypomethylated in all the patient samples when compared to normal cell lines. Treatment of Sox2-negative glioma cell lines with 5-azacitidine resulted in the re-expression of Sox2 and in a change in the methylation status of the Sox2 promoter. We further confirmed these results by analyzing data from GBM cases generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas project. We observed Sox2 overexpression (86%; N = 414), Sox2 gene amplification (8.5%; N = 492), and Sox 2 promoter hypomethylation (100%; N = 258), suggesting the relevance of this factor in the malignant phenotype of GBMs. To further explore the role of Sox2, we performed in vitro analysis with brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) and established glioma cell lines. Downmodulation of Sox2 in BTSCs resulted in the loss of their self-renewal properties. Surprisingly, ectopic expression of Sox2 in established glioma cells was not sufficient to support self-renewal, suggesting that additional factors are required. Furthermore, we observed that ectopic Sox2 expression was sufficient to induce invasion and migration of glioma cells, and knockdown experiments demonstrated that Sox2 was essential for maintaining these properties. Altogether, our data underscore the importance of a pleiotropic role of Sox2 and suggest that it could be used as a therapeutic target in GBM.http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3206066?pdf=render |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Marta M Alonso Ricardo Diez-Valle Lorea Manterola Angel Rubio Dan Liu Nahir Cortes-Santiago Leire Urquiza Patricia Jauregi Adolfo Lopez de Munain Nicolás Sampron Ander Aramburu Sonia Tejada-Solís Carmen Vicente María D Odero Eva Bandrés Jesús García-Foncillas Miguel A Idoate Frederick F Lang Juan Fueyo Candelaria Gomez-Manzano |
spellingShingle |
Marta M Alonso Ricardo Diez-Valle Lorea Manterola Angel Rubio Dan Liu Nahir Cortes-Santiago Leire Urquiza Patricia Jauregi Adolfo Lopez de Munain Nicolás Sampron Ander Aramburu Sonia Tejada-Solís Carmen Vicente María D Odero Eva Bandrés Jesús García-Foncillas Miguel A Idoate Frederick F Lang Juan Fueyo Candelaria Gomez-Manzano Genetic and epigenetic modifications of Sox2 contribute to the invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas. PLoS ONE |
author_facet |
Marta M Alonso Ricardo Diez-Valle Lorea Manterola Angel Rubio Dan Liu Nahir Cortes-Santiago Leire Urquiza Patricia Jauregi Adolfo Lopez de Munain Nicolás Sampron Ander Aramburu Sonia Tejada-Solís Carmen Vicente María D Odero Eva Bandrés Jesús García-Foncillas Miguel A Idoate Frederick F Lang Juan Fueyo Candelaria Gomez-Manzano |
author_sort |
Marta M Alonso |
title |
Genetic and epigenetic modifications of Sox2 contribute to the invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas. |
title_short |
Genetic and epigenetic modifications of Sox2 contribute to the invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas. |
title_full |
Genetic and epigenetic modifications of Sox2 contribute to the invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas. |
title_fullStr |
Genetic and epigenetic modifications of Sox2 contribute to the invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Genetic and epigenetic modifications of Sox2 contribute to the invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas. |
title_sort |
genetic and epigenetic modifications of sox2 contribute to the invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas. |
publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
series |
PLoS ONE |
issn |
1932-6203 |
publishDate |
2011-01-01 |
description |
We undertook this study to understand how the transcription factor Sox2 contributes to the malignant phenotype of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumor. We initially looked for unbalanced genomic rearrangements in the Sox2 locus in 42 GBM samples and found that Sox2 was amplified in 11.5% and overexpressed in all the samples. These results prompted us to further investigate the mechanisms involved in Sox2 overexpression in GBM. We analyzed the methylation status of the Sox2 promoter because high CpG density promoters are associated with key developmental genes. The Sox2 promoter presented a CpG island that was hypomethylated in all the patient samples when compared to normal cell lines. Treatment of Sox2-negative glioma cell lines with 5-azacitidine resulted in the re-expression of Sox2 and in a change in the methylation status of the Sox2 promoter. We further confirmed these results by analyzing data from GBM cases generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas project. We observed Sox2 overexpression (86%; N = 414), Sox2 gene amplification (8.5%; N = 492), and Sox 2 promoter hypomethylation (100%; N = 258), suggesting the relevance of this factor in the malignant phenotype of GBMs. To further explore the role of Sox2, we performed in vitro analysis with brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) and established glioma cell lines. Downmodulation of Sox2 in BTSCs resulted in the loss of their self-renewal properties. Surprisingly, ectopic expression of Sox2 in established glioma cells was not sufficient to support self-renewal, suggesting that additional factors are required. Furthermore, we observed that ectopic Sox2 expression was sufficient to induce invasion and migration of glioma cells, and knockdown experiments demonstrated that Sox2 was essential for maintaining these properties. Altogether, our data underscore the importance of a pleiotropic role of Sox2 and suggest that it could be used as a therapeutic target in GBM. |
url |
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3206066?pdf=render |
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