Association of Elevated Serum GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-4, and TNF-α Concentration with Tobacco Smoke Induced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a South Indian Population
Background. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating condition with limited pharmacotherapeutic options and exceptionally high public-health burden globally as well as in India. Tobacco smoking is the primary cause for COPD among men in India. Systemic inflammation involving alt...
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Hindawi Limited
2018-01-01
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Series: | International Journal of Inflammation |
Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2027856 |