Chronic E-Cigarette Aerosol Inhalation Alters the Immune State of the Lungs and Increases ACE2 Expression, Raising Concern for Altered Response and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2
Conventional smoking is known to both increase susceptibility to infection and drive inflammation within the lungs. Recently, smokers have been found to be at higher risk of developing severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). E-cigarette aerosol inhalation (vaping) has been associated wi...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-05-01
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Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.649604/full |
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Article |
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DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Jorge A. Masso-Silva Jorge A. Masso-Silva Alexander Moshensky Alexander Moshensky John Shin John Shin Jarod Olay Jarod Olay Sedtavut Nilaad Sedtavut Nilaad Ira Advani Ira Advani Christine M. Bojanowski Christine M. Bojanowski Christine M. Bojanowski Shane Crotty Wei Tse Li Weg M. Ongkeko Sunit Singla Laura E. Crotty Alexander Laura E. Crotty Alexander |
spellingShingle |
Jorge A. Masso-Silva Jorge A. Masso-Silva Alexander Moshensky Alexander Moshensky John Shin John Shin Jarod Olay Jarod Olay Sedtavut Nilaad Sedtavut Nilaad Ira Advani Ira Advani Christine M. Bojanowski Christine M. Bojanowski Christine M. Bojanowski Shane Crotty Wei Tse Li Weg M. Ongkeko Sunit Singla Laura E. Crotty Alexander Laura E. Crotty Alexander Chronic E-Cigarette Aerosol Inhalation Alters the Immune State of the Lungs and Increases ACE2 Expression, Raising Concern for Altered Response and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Frontiers in Physiology e-cigarette vaping ACE2 COVID-19 immunomodulation SARS-CoV-2 |
author_facet |
Jorge A. Masso-Silva Jorge A. Masso-Silva Alexander Moshensky Alexander Moshensky John Shin John Shin Jarod Olay Jarod Olay Sedtavut Nilaad Sedtavut Nilaad Ira Advani Ira Advani Christine M. Bojanowski Christine M. Bojanowski Christine M. Bojanowski Shane Crotty Wei Tse Li Weg M. Ongkeko Sunit Singla Laura E. Crotty Alexander Laura E. Crotty Alexander |
author_sort |
Jorge A. Masso-Silva |
title |
Chronic E-Cigarette Aerosol Inhalation Alters the Immune State of the Lungs and Increases ACE2 Expression, Raising Concern for Altered Response and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 |
title_short |
Chronic E-Cigarette Aerosol Inhalation Alters the Immune State of the Lungs and Increases ACE2 Expression, Raising Concern for Altered Response and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 |
title_full |
Chronic E-Cigarette Aerosol Inhalation Alters the Immune State of the Lungs and Increases ACE2 Expression, Raising Concern for Altered Response and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 |
title_fullStr |
Chronic E-Cigarette Aerosol Inhalation Alters the Immune State of the Lungs and Increases ACE2 Expression, Raising Concern for Altered Response and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Chronic E-Cigarette Aerosol Inhalation Alters the Immune State of the Lungs and Increases ACE2 Expression, Raising Concern for Altered Response and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 |
title_sort |
chronic e-cigarette aerosol inhalation alters the immune state of the lungs and increases ace2 expression, raising concern for altered response and susceptibility to sars-cov-2 |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Physiology |
issn |
1664-042X |
publishDate |
2021-05-01 |
description |
Conventional smoking is known to both increase susceptibility to infection and drive inflammation within the lungs. Recently, smokers have been found to be at higher risk of developing severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). E-cigarette aerosol inhalation (vaping) has been associated with several inflammatory lung disorders, including the recent e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) epidemic, and recent studies have suggested that vaping alters host susceptibility to pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To assess the impact of vaping on lung inflammatory pathways, including the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor known to be involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection, mice were exposed to e-cigarette aerosols for 60 min daily for 1–6 months and underwent gene expression analysis. Hierarchical clustering revealed extensive gene expression changes occurred in the lungs of both inbred C57BL/6 mice and outbred CD1 mice, with 2,933 gene expression changes in C57BL/6 mice, and 2,818 gene expression changes in CD1 mice (>abs 1.25-fold change). Particularly, large reductions in IgA and CD4 were identified, indicating impairment of host responses to pathogens via reductions in immunoglobulins and CD4 T cells. CD177, facmr, tlr9, fcgr1, and ccr2 were also reduced, consistent with diminished host defenses via decreased neutrophils and/or monocytes in the lungs. Gene set enrichment (GSE) plots demonstrated upregulation of gene expression related to cell activation specifically in neutrophils. As neutrophils are a potential driver of acute lung injury in COVID-19, increased neutrophil activation in the lungs suggests that vapers are at higher risk of developing more severe forms of COVID-19. The receptor through which SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells, ACE2, was found to have moderate upregulation in mice exposed to unflavored vape pens, and further upregulation (six-fold) with JUUL mint aerosol exposure. No changes were found in mice exposed to unflavored Mod device-generated aerosols. These findings suggest that specific vaping devices and components of e-liquids have an effect on ACE2 expression, thus potentially increasing susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. In addition, exposure to e-cigarette aerosols both with and without nicotine led to alterations in eicosanoid lipid profiles within the BAL. These data demonstrate that chronic, daily inhalation of e-cigarette aerosols fundamentally alters the inflammatory and immune state of the lungs. Thus, e-cigarette vapers may be at higher risk of developing infections and inflammatory disorders of the lungs. |
topic |
e-cigarette vaping ACE2 COVID-19 immunomodulation SARS-CoV-2 |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.649604/full |
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doaj-3fe25d585d13414d9edfe01b35d3b6d02021-05-28T09:25:48ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2021-05-011210.3389/fphys.2021.649604649604Chronic E-Cigarette Aerosol Inhalation Alters the Immune State of the Lungs and Increases ACE2 Expression, Raising Concern for Altered Response and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2Jorge A. Masso-Silva0Jorge A. Masso-Silva1Alexander Moshensky2Alexander Moshensky3John Shin4John Shin5Jarod Olay6Jarod Olay7Sedtavut Nilaad8Sedtavut Nilaad9Ira Advani10Ira Advani11Christine M. Bojanowski12Christine M. Bojanowski13Christine M. Bojanowski14Shane Crotty15Wei Tse Li16Weg M. Ongkeko17Sunit Singla18Laura E. Crotty Alexander19Laura E. Crotty Alexander20Pulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, United StatesPulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, United StatesPulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, United StatesPulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, United StatesPulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, United StatesPulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, United StatesPulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDivision of Pulmonary Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Medicine, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDivision of Pulmonary Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United StatesPulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, United StatesConventional smoking is known to both increase susceptibility to infection and drive inflammation within the lungs. Recently, smokers have been found to be at higher risk of developing severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). E-cigarette aerosol inhalation (vaping) has been associated with several inflammatory lung disorders, including the recent e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) epidemic, and recent studies have suggested that vaping alters host susceptibility to pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To assess the impact of vaping on lung inflammatory pathways, including the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor known to be involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection, mice were exposed to e-cigarette aerosols for 60 min daily for 1–6 months and underwent gene expression analysis. Hierarchical clustering revealed extensive gene expression changes occurred in the lungs of both inbred C57BL/6 mice and outbred CD1 mice, with 2,933 gene expression changes in C57BL/6 mice, and 2,818 gene expression changes in CD1 mice (>abs 1.25-fold change). Particularly, large reductions in IgA and CD4 were identified, indicating impairment of host responses to pathogens via reductions in immunoglobulins and CD4 T cells. CD177, facmr, tlr9, fcgr1, and ccr2 were also reduced, consistent with diminished host defenses via decreased neutrophils and/or monocytes in the lungs. Gene set enrichment (GSE) plots demonstrated upregulation of gene expression related to cell activation specifically in neutrophils. As neutrophils are a potential driver of acute lung injury in COVID-19, increased neutrophil activation in the lungs suggests that vapers are at higher risk of developing more severe forms of COVID-19. The receptor through which SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells, ACE2, was found to have moderate upregulation in mice exposed to unflavored vape pens, and further upregulation (six-fold) with JUUL mint aerosol exposure. No changes were found in mice exposed to unflavored Mod device-generated aerosols. These findings suggest that specific vaping devices and components of e-liquids have an effect on ACE2 expression, thus potentially increasing susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. In addition, exposure to e-cigarette aerosols both with and without nicotine led to alterations in eicosanoid lipid profiles within the BAL. These data demonstrate that chronic, daily inhalation of e-cigarette aerosols fundamentally alters the inflammatory and immune state of the lungs. Thus, e-cigarette vapers may be at higher risk of developing infections and inflammatory disorders of the lungs.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.649604/fulle-cigarettevapingACE2COVID-19immunomodulationSARS-CoV-2 |