Greek Graviera Cheese Assessment through Elemental Metabolomics—Implications for Authentication, Safety and Nutrition

This study presents the comprehensive elemental profile of Greek Graviera (Gruyère) cheeses. In total, 105 samples from nine different geographic regions produced from sheep, goat and cow milk and their mixtures were assessed. Elemental signatures of 61 elements were investigated for determ...

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Main Authors:	Georgios Danezis, Charis Theodorou, Theofilos Massouras, Evangelos Zoidis, Ioannis Hadjigeorgiou, Constantinos A. Georgiou
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2019-02-01
Series:	Molecules
Subjects:	authentication cheese elemental metabolomics Graviera PDO rare earth elements
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/4/670

id	doaj-450bfb49319545088b77247301696a42
record_format	Article
spelling	doaj-450bfb49319545088b77247301696a422020-11-25T00:02:45ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-02-0124467010.3390/molecules24040670molecules24040670Greek Graviera Cheese Assessment through Elemental Metabolomics—Implications for Authentication, Safety and NutritionGeorgios Danezis0Charis Theodorou1Theofilos Massouras2Evangelos Zoidis3Ioannis Hadjigeorgiou4Constantinos A. Georgiou5Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, GreeceDairy Science and Technology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, GreeceChemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, GreeceThis study presents the comprehensive elemental profile of Greek Graviera (Gruyère) cheeses. In total, 105 samples from nine different geographic regions produced from sheep, goat and cow milk and their mixtures were assessed. Elemental signatures of 61 elements were investigated for determination of geographic origin and milk type. Regional and milk type classification through Linear Discriminant Analysis was successful for almost all cases, while a less optimistic cross validation exercise presented lower classification rates. That points to further research using a much larger sample set, increasing confidence for cheese authentication utilizing also bioinformatics tools under development. This is the first study reporting signatures of 61 elements in dairy products including all sixteen rare earth elements and all seven precious metals. Safety and quality were assessed regarding toxic and nutritive elements. According to both EU and USA regulations and directives, Graviera is a nutritional source for trace and macro elements with low levels of toxic elements.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/4/670authenticationcheeseelemental metabolomicsGravieraPDOrare earth elements
collection	DOAJ
language	English
format	Article
sources	DOAJ
author	Georgios Danezis Charis Theodorou Theofilos Massouras Evangelos Zoidis Ioannis Hadjigeorgiou Constantinos A. Georgiou
spellingShingle	Georgios Danezis Charis Theodorou Theofilos Massouras Evangelos Zoidis Ioannis Hadjigeorgiou Constantinos A. Georgiou Greek Graviera Cheese Assessment through Elemental Metabolomics—Implications for Authentication, Safety and Nutrition Molecules authentication cheese elemental metabolomics Graviera PDO rare earth elements
author_facet	Georgios Danezis Charis Theodorou Theofilos Massouras Evangelos Zoidis Ioannis Hadjigeorgiou Constantinos A. Georgiou
author_sort	Georgios Danezis
title	Greek Graviera Cheese Assessment through Elemental Metabolomics—Implications for Authentication, Safety and Nutrition
title_short	Greek Graviera Cheese Assessment through Elemental Metabolomics—Implications for Authentication, Safety and Nutrition
title_full	Greek Graviera Cheese Assessment through Elemental Metabolomics—Implications for Authentication, Safety and Nutrition
title_fullStr	Greek Graviera Cheese Assessment through Elemental Metabolomics—Implications for Authentication, Safety and Nutrition
title_full_unstemmed	Greek Graviera Cheese Assessment through Elemental Metabolomics—Implications for Authentication, Safety and Nutrition
title_sort	greek graviera cheese assessment through elemental metabolomics—implications for authentication, safety and nutrition
publisher	MDPI AG
series	Molecules
issn	1420-3049
publishDate	2019-02-01
description	This study presents the comprehensive elemental profile of Greek Graviera (Gruyère) cheeses. In total, 105 samples from nine different geographic regions produced from sheep, goat and cow milk and their mixtures were assessed. Elemental signatures of 61 elements were investigated for determination of geographic origin and milk type. Regional and milk type classification through Linear Discriminant Analysis was successful for almost all cases, while a less optimistic cross validation exercise presented lower classification rates. That points to further research using a much larger sample set, increasing confidence for cheese authentication utilizing also bioinformatics tools under development. This is the first study reporting signatures of 61 elements in dairy products including all sixteen rare earth elements and all seven precious metals. Safety and quality were assessed regarding toxic and nutritive elements. According to both EU and USA regulations and directives, Graviera is a nutritional source for trace and macro elements with low levels of toxic elements.
topic	authentication cheese elemental metabolomics Graviera PDO rare earth elements
url	https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/4/670
work_keys_str_mv	AT georgiosdanezis greekgravieracheeseassessmentthroughelementalmetabolomicsimplicationsforauthenticationsafetyandnutrition AT charistheodorou greekgravieracheeseassessmentthroughelementalmetabolomicsimplicationsforauthenticationsafetyandnutrition AT theofilosmassouras greekgravieracheeseassessmentthroughelementalmetabolomicsimplicationsforauthenticationsafetyandnutrition AT evangeloszoidis greekgravieracheeseassessmentthroughelementalmetabolomicsimplicationsforauthenticationsafetyandnutrition AT ioannishadjigeorgiou greekgravieracheeseassessmentthroughelementalmetabolomicsimplicationsforauthenticationsafetyandnutrition AT constantinosageorgiou greekgravieracheeseassessmentthroughelementalmetabolomicsimplicationsforauthenticationsafetyandnutrition
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Greek Graviera Cheese Assessment through Elemental Metabolomics—Implications for Authentication, Safety and Nutrition

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