What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases
Each individual is provided with a unique gut microbiota profile that plays many specific functions in host nutrient metabolism, maintenance of structural integrity of the gut mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against pathogens. Gut microbiota are composed of different bacteria speci...
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doaj-47871b9bfa0b4d7abeeab9e1bbb1cccb2020-11-25T01:30:36ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072019-01-01711410.3390/microorganisms7010014microorganisms7010014What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and DiseasesEmanuele Rinninella0Pauline Raoul1Marco Cintoni2Francesco Franceschi3Giacinto Abele Donato Miggiano4Antonio Gasbarrini5Maria Cristina Mele6UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyIstituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, ItalyScuola di Specializzazione in Scienza dell’Alimentazione, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, ItalyUOC di Medicina d’Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso, Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Emergenza, Anestesiologiche e della Rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyUOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyIstituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, ItalyUOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyEach individual is provided with a unique gut microbiota profile that plays many specific functions in host nutrient metabolism, maintenance of structural integrity of the gut mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against pathogens. Gut microbiota are composed of different bacteria species taxonomically classified by genus, family, order, and phyla. Each human’s gut microbiota are shaped in early life as their composition depends on infant transitions (birth gestational date, type of delivery, methods of milk feeding, weaning period) and external factors such as antibiotic use. These personal and healthy core native microbiota remain relatively stable in adulthood but differ between individuals due to enterotypes, body mass index (BMI) level, exercise frequency, lifestyle, and cultural and dietary habits. Accordingly, there is not a unique optimal gut microbiota composition since it is different for each individual. However, a healthy host–microorganism balance must be respected in order to optimally perform metabolic and immune functions and prevent disease development. This review will provide an overview of the studies that focus on gut microbiota balances in the same individual and between individuals and highlight the close mutualistic relationship between gut microbiota variations and diseases. Indeed, dysbiosis of gut microbiota is associated not only with intestinal disorders but also with numerous extra-intestinal diseases such as metabolic and neurological disorders. Understanding the cause or consequence of these gut microbiota balances in health and disease and how to maintain or restore a healthy gut microbiota composition should be useful in developing promising therapeutic interventions.http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/1/14gut microbiotadiversityhealthdietnutritionagemilk feedingnecrotizing enterocolitisweaningenterotypesirritable bowel syndromeinflammatory bowel diseaseceliac diseasecolorectal cancerobesitytype 2 diabetesAlzheimer’s diseaseParkinson’s diseasehepatic encephalopathyautism spectrum disorderspersonalized medicine |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Emanuele Rinninella Pauline Raoul Marco Cintoni Francesco Franceschi Giacinto Abele Donato Miggiano Antonio Gasbarrini Maria Cristina Mele |
spellingShingle |
Emanuele Rinninella Pauline Raoul Marco Cintoni Francesco Franceschi Giacinto Abele Donato Miggiano Antonio Gasbarrini Maria Cristina Mele What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases Microorganisms gut microbiota diversity health diet nutrition age milk feeding necrotizing enterocolitis weaning enterotypes irritable bowel syndrome inflammatory bowel disease celiac disease colorectal cancer obesity type 2 diabetes Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease hepatic encephalopathy autism spectrum disorders personalized medicine |
author_facet |
Emanuele Rinninella Pauline Raoul Marco Cintoni Francesco Franceschi Giacinto Abele Donato Miggiano Antonio Gasbarrini Maria Cristina Mele |
author_sort |
Emanuele Rinninella |
title |
What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases |
title_short |
What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases |
title_full |
What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases |
title_fullStr |
What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases |
title_full_unstemmed |
What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases |
title_sort |
what is the healthy gut microbiota composition? a changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Microorganisms |
issn |
2076-2607 |
publishDate |
2019-01-01 |
description |
Each individual is provided with a unique gut microbiota profile that plays many specific functions in host nutrient metabolism, maintenance of structural integrity of the gut mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against pathogens. Gut microbiota are composed of different bacteria species taxonomically classified by genus, family, order, and phyla. Each human’s gut microbiota are shaped in early life as their composition depends on infant transitions (birth gestational date, type of delivery, methods of milk feeding, weaning period) and external factors such as antibiotic use. These personal and healthy core native microbiota remain relatively stable in adulthood but differ between individuals due to enterotypes, body mass index (BMI) level, exercise frequency, lifestyle, and cultural and dietary habits. Accordingly, there is not a unique optimal gut microbiota composition since it is different for each individual. However, a healthy host–microorganism balance must be respected in order to optimally perform metabolic and immune functions and prevent disease development. This review will provide an overview of the studies that focus on gut microbiota balances in the same individual and between individuals and highlight the close mutualistic relationship between gut microbiota variations and diseases. Indeed, dysbiosis of gut microbiota is associated not only with intestinal disorders but also with numerous extra-intestinal diseases such as metabolic and neurological disorders. Understanding the cause or consequence of these gut microbiota balances in health and disease and how to maintain or restore a healthy gut microbiota composition should be useful in developing promising therapeutic interventions. |
topic |
gut microbiota diversity health diet nutrition age milk feeding necrotizing enterocolitis weaning enterotypes irritable bowel syndrome inflammatory bowel disease celiac disease colorectal cancer obesity type 2 diabetes Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease hepatic encephalopathy autism spectrum disorders personalized medicine |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/1/14 |
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