The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a gastrointestinal disorder caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs). OA and DTXs are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 2A, 1B, and 2B, which may promote cancer in the human digestive system....
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doaj-4b742a268ae347fe8b76e6ecb87cc7ea2020-11-24T22:30:25ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512016-09-0181027210.3390/toxins8100272toxins8100272The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular PerspectivesThomas Chun-Hung Lee0Fiona Long-Yan Fong1Kin-Chung Ho2Fred Wang-Fat Lee3School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 852, ChinaSchool of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 852, ChinaSchool of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 852, ChinaSchool of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 852, ChinaDiarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a gastrointestinal disorder caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs). OA and DTXs are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 2A, 1B, and 2B, which may promote cancer in the human digestive system. Their expression in dinoflagellates is strongly affected by nutritional and environmental factors. Studies have indicated that the level of these biotoxins is inversely associated with the growth of dinoflagellates at low concentrations of nitrogen or phosphorus, or at extreme temperature. However, the presence of leucine or glycerophosphate enhances both growth and cellular toxin level. Moreover, the presence of ammonia and incubation in continuous darkness do not favor the toxin production. Currently, studies on the mechanism of this biotoxin production are scant. Full genome sequencing of dinoflagellates is challenging because of the massive genomic size; however, current advanced molecular and omics technologies may provide valuable insight into the biotoxin production mechanism and novel research perspectives on microalgae. This review presents a comprehensive analysis on the effects of various nutritional and physical factors on the OA and DTX production in the DSP toxin-producing Prorocentrum spp. Moreover, the applications of the current molecular technologies in the study on the mechanism of DSP toxin production are discussed.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/8/10/272diarrhetic shellfish poisoningdinoflagellatesmicroalgaeokadaic acidProrocentrum |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Thomas Chun-Hung Lee Fiona Long-Yan Fong Kin-Chung Ho Fred Wang-Fat Lee |
spellingShingle |
Thomas Chun-Hung Lee Fiona Long-Yan Fong Kin-Chung Ho Fred Wang-Fat Lee The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives Toxins diarrhetic shellfish poisoning dinoflagellates microalgae okadaic acid Prorocentrum |
author_facet |
Thomas Chun-Hung Lee Fiona Long-Yan Fong Kin-Chung Ho Fred Wang-Fat Lee |
author_sort |
Thomas Chun-Hung Lee |
title |
The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives |
title_short |
The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives |
title_full |
The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives |
title_fullStr |
The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives |
title_sort |
mechanism of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxin production in prorocentrum spp.: physiological and molecular perspectives |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Toxins |
issn |
2072-6651 |
publishDate |
2016-09-01 |
description |
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a gastrointestinal disorder caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs). OA and DTXs are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 2A, 1B, and 2B, which may promote cancer in the human digestive system. Their expression in dinoflagellates is strongly affected by nutritional and environmental factors. Studies have indicated that the level of these biotoxins is inversely associated with the growth of dinoflagellates at low concentrations of nitrogen or phosphorus, or at extreme temperature. However, the presence of leucine or glycerophosphate enhances both growth and cellular toxin level. Moreover, the presence of ammonia and incubation in continuous darkness do not favor the toxin production. Currently, studies on the mechanism of this biotoxin production are scant. Full genome sequencing of dinoflagellates is challenging because of the massive genomic size; however, current advanced molecular and omics technologies may provide valuable insight into the biotoxin production mechanism and novel research perspectives on microalgae. This review presents a comprehensive analysis on the effects of various nutritional and physical factors on the OA and DTX production in the DSP toxin-producing Prorocentrum spp. Moreover, the applications of the current molecular technologies in the study on the mechanism of DSP toxin production are discussed. |
topic |
diarrhetic shellfish poisoning dinoflagellates microalgae okadaic acid Prorocentrum |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/8/10/272 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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