Phenylalanine and tyrosine levels are rate-limiting factors in production of health promoting metabolites in Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay Red cell suspension
Environmental stresses such as high light intensity and temperature cause induction of the shikimate pathway, aromatic amino acids (AAA) pathways, and of pathways downstream from AAAs. The induction leads to production of specialized metabolites that protect the cells from oxidative damage. The regu...
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doaj-5a35a4fd048f43d6a4b5267504b7b9612020-11-24T21:25:06ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2015-07-01610.3389/fpls.2015.00538141605Phenylalanine and tyrosine levels are rate-limiting factors in production of health promoting metabolites in Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay Red cell suspensionNeta eManela0Neta eManela1Moran eOliva2Moran eOliva3Rinat eOvadia4Noga eSikron-Persi5Biruk eAyenew6Aaron eFait7Gad eGalili8Avichai ePerl9David eWeiss10Michal eOren-Shamir11Volcani CenterHebrew University of JerusalemVolcani CenterWeizmann Institute of ScienceVolcani CenterJacon Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion UniversityJacon Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion UniversityJacon Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion UniversityWeizmann Institute of ScienceVolcani CenterHebrew University of JerusalemVolcani CenterEnvironmental stresses such as high light intensity and temperature cause induction of the shikimate pathway, aromatic amino acids (AAA) pathways, and of pathways downstream from AAAs. The induction leads to production of specialized metabolites that protect the cells from oxidative damage. The regulation of the diverse AAA derived pathways is still not well understood. To gain insight on that regulation, we increased AAA production in red grape Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay Red cell suspension, without inducing external stress on the cells, and characterized the metabolic effect of this induction. Increased AAA production was achieved by expressing a feedback-insensitive bacterial form of 3-deoxy- D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase enzyme (AroG*) of the shikimate pathway under a constitutive promoter. The presence of AroG* protein led to elevated levels of primary metabolites in the shikimate and AAA pathways including phenylalanine and tyrosine, and to a dramatic increase in phenylpropanoids. The AroG* transformed lines accumulated up to 20 and 150 fold higher levels of resveratrol and dihydroquercetin, respectively. Quercetin, formed from dihydroquercetin, and resveratrol, are health promoting metabolites that are induced due to environmental stresses. Testing the expression level of key genes along the stilbenoids, benzenoids and phenylpropanoid pathways showed that transcription was not affected by AroG*. This suggests that concentrations of AAAs, and of phenylalanine in particular, are rate-limiting in production of these metabolites. In contrast, increased phenylalanine production did not lead to elevated concentrations of anthocyanins, even though they are also phenylpropanoid metabolites. This suggests a control mechanism of this pathway that is independent of AAA concentration. Interestingly, total anthocyanin concentrations were slightly lower in AroG* cells, and the relative frequencies of the different anthocyanins changed as well.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2015.00538/fullPhenylalanineTyrosinephenylpropanoidsVitis viniferaDAHPSgrape cell suspension |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Neta eManela Neta eManela Moran eOliva Moran eOliva Rinat eOvadia Noga eSikron-Persi Biruk eAyenew Aaron eFait Gad eGalili Avichai ePerl David eWeiss Michal eOren-Shamir |
spellingShingle |
Neta eManela Neta eManela Moran eOliva Moran eOliva Rinat eOvadia Noga eSikron-Persi Biruk eAyenew Aaron eFait Gad eGalili Avichai ePerl David eWeiss Michal eOren-Shamir Phenylalanine and tyrosine levels are rate-limiting factors in production of health promoting metabolites in Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay Red cell suspension Frontiers in Plant Science Phenylalanine Tyrosine phenylpropanoids Vitis vinifera DAHPS grape cell suspension |
author_facet |
Neta eManela Neta eManela Moran eOliva Moran eOliva Rinat eOvadia Noga eSikron-Persi Biruk eAyenew Aaron eFait Gad eGalili Avichai ePerl David eWeiss Michal eOren-Shamir |
author_sort |
Neta eManela |
title |
Phenylalanine and tyrosine levels are rate-limiting factors in production of health promoting metabolites in Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay Red cell suspension |
title_short |
Phenylalanine and tyrosine levels are rate-limiting factors in production of health promoting metabolites in Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay Red cell suspension |
title_full |
Phenylalanine and tyrosine levels are rate-limiting factors in production of health promoting metabolites in Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay Red cell suspension |
title_fullStr |
Phenylalanine and tyrosine levels are rate-limiting factors in production of health promoting metabolites in Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay Red cell suspension |
title_full_unstemmed |
Phenylalanine and tyrosine levels are rate-limiting factors in production of health promoting metabolites in Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay Red cell suspension |
title_sort |
phenylalanine and tyrosine levels are rate-limiting factors in production of health promoting metabolites in vitis vinifera cv. gamay red cell suspension |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Plant Science |
issn |
1664-462X |
publishDate |
2015-07-01 |
description |
Environmental stresses such as high light intensity and temperature cause induction of the shikimate pathway, aromatic amino acids (AAA) pathways, and of pathways downstream from AAAs. The induction leads to production of specialized metabolites that protect the cells from oxidative damage. The regulation of the diverse AAA derived pathways is still not well understood. To gain insight on that regulation, we increased AAA production in red grape Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay Red cell suspension, without inducing external stress on the cells, and characterized the metabolic effect of this induction. Increased AAA production was achieved by expressing a feedback-insensitive bacterial form of 3-deoxy- D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase enzyme (AroG*) of the shikimate pathway under a constitutive promoter. The presence of AroG* protein led to elevated levels of primary metabolites in the shikimate and AAA pathways including phenylalanine and tyrosine, and to a dramatic increase in phenylpropanoids. The AroG* transformed lines accumulated up to 20 and 150 fold higher levels of resveratrol and dihydroquercetin, respectively. Quercetin, formed from dihydroquercetin, and resveratrol, are health promoting metabolites that are induced due to environmental stresses. Testing the expression level of key genes along the stilbenoids, benzenoids and phenylpropanoid pathways showed that transcription was not affected by AroG*. This suggests that concentrations of AAAs, and of phenylalanine in particular, are rate-limiting in production of these metabolites. In contrast, increased phenylalanine production did not lead to elevated concentrations of anthocyanins, even though they are also phenylpropanoid metabolites. This suggests a control mechanism of this pathway that is independent of AAA concentration. Interestingly, total anthocyanin concentrations were slightly lower in AroG* cells, and the relative frequencies of the different anthocyanins changed as well. |
topic |
Phenylalanine Tyrosine phenylpropanoids Vitis vinifera DAHPS grape cell suspension |
url |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2015.00538/full |
work_keys_str_mv |
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