Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Indicator Organisms <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Enterococcus</i> spp. Isolated from U.S. Animal Food, 2005–2011

• Main Authors: Beilei Ge, Kelly J. Domesle, Stuart A. Gaines, Claudia Lam, Sonya M. Bodeis Jones, Qianru Yang, Sherry L. Ayers, Patrick F. McDermott
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2020-07-01
• Series: Microorganisms
• Subjects: animal feed; animal food; antimicrobial susceptibility; <i>Enterococcus</i>; <i>Escherichia coli</i>; pet food
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/7/1048

The role animal food plays in the introduction of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria into the human food chain is not well understood. We conducted an analysis of 1025 samples (647 pet food and 378 animal feed) collected across the United States during 2005–2011 for two indicator organisms (<i>Escherichia coli </i>and <i>Enterococcus</i> spp.). The overall prevalence ranged from 12.5% for <i>E. coli</i> to 45.2% for <i>Enterococcus</i> spp., and 11.2% of samples harbored both organisms. Regardless of bacterial genus, animal feed had significantly higher prevalence than pet food (<i>p</i> < 0.001). A general downward trend in prevalence was observed from 2005 to 2009 followed by an upward trend thereafter. Among <i>E. coli</i> isolates (<i>n</i> = 241), resistance was highest to tetracycline (11.2%) and below 5% for fourteen other antimicrobials. Among <i>Enterococcus</i> spp. isolates (<i>n</i> = 1074), <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> (95.1%) was the predominant species. Resistance was most common to tetracycline (30.1%) and ciprofloxacin (10.7%), but below 10% for thirteen other antimicrobials. Multidrug-resistant organisms were observed among both <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Enterococcus</i> spp. isolates at 3.3%. Compared to National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) 2011 retail meat and animal data, the overall resistance for both organisms was much lower in animal food. These findings help establish a historic baseline for the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among U.S. animal food products and future efforts may be needed to monitor changes over time.