IPNV Antigen Uptake and Distribution in Atlantic Salmon Following Oral Administration
One impediment to the successful oral vaccination in fish is the hostile stomach environment that antigens must cross. Furthermore, uptake of antigens from the gut to systemic distribution is required for induction of systemic immunity, the dynamics of which are poorly understood. In the present stu...
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doaj-7320f4a7d8a641589973e9e7d0b8d3792020-11-24T23:51:08ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152015-05-01752507251710.3390/v7052507v7052507IPNV Antigen Uptake and Distribution in Atlantic Salmon Following Oral AdministrationLihan Chen0Øystein Evensen1Stephen Mutoloki2Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., Oslo 0033, NorwayDepartment of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., Oslo 0033, NorwayDepartment of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., Oslo 0033, NorwayOne impediment to the successful oral vaccination in fish is the hostile stomach environment that antigens must cross. Furthermore, uptake of antigens from the gut to systemic distribution is required for induction of systemic immunity, the dynamics of which are poorly understood. In the present study, groups of Atlantic salmon parr were intubated with live or inactivated infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), either orally or anally. At 1, 24 and 72 h post infection (p.i.), the fish were sacrificed. Serum was used for assessing IPNV by ELISA, while formalin-fixed head-kidney, spleen, liver and intestine tissues were used for the demonstration of antigens by immunohistochemistry. Both live and inactivated IPNV antigens were observed in enterocytes of the intestines and in immune cells of the head-kidneys and spleens of all groups. In the liver, no antigens were observed in any of the groups. Significantly higher serum antigen OD values (p < 0.04) were observed in orally- compared to anally-intubated fish. By contrast, no difference (p = 0.05) was observed in tissue antigens between these groups by immunohistochemistry. No significant difference (p = 0.05) in serum antigens was observed between groups intubated with live and inactivated IPNV, while in tissues, significantly more antigens (p < 0.03) were observe in the latter compared to the former. These findings demonstrate that both live and inactivated IPNV are taken up by enterocytes in the intestines of Atlantic salmon, likely by receptor-mediated mechanisms. Higher IPNV uptake by the oral compared to anal route suggests that both the anterior and posterior intestines are important for the uptake of the virus and that IPNV is resistant to gastric degradation of the Atlantic salmon stomach.http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/7/5/2507infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)Atlantic salmonoralanaluptake |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Lihan Chen Øystein Evensen Stephen Mutoloki |
spellingShingle |
Lihan Chen Øystein Evensen Stephen Mutoloki IPNV Antigen Uptake and Distribution in Atlantic Salmon Following Oral Administration Viruses infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) Atlantic salmon oral anal uptake |
author_facet |
Lihan Chen Øystein Evensen Stephen Mutoloki |
author_sort |
Lihan Chen |
title |
IPNV Antigen Uptake and Distribution in Atlantic Salmon Following Oral Administration |
title_short |
IPNV Antigen Uptake and Distribution in Atlantic Salmon Following Oral Administration |
title_full |
IPNV Antigen Uptake and Distribution in Atlantic Salmon Following Oral Administration |
title_fullStr |
IPNV Antigen Uptake and Distribution in Atlantic Salmon Following Oral Administration |
title_full_unstemmed |
IPNV Antigen Uptake and Distribution in Atlantic Salmon Following Oral Administration |
title_sort |
ipnv antigen uptake and distribution in atlantic salmon following oral administration |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Viruses |
issn |
1999-4915 |
publishDate |
2015-05-01 |
description |
One impediment to the successful oral vaccination in fish is the hostile stomach environment that antigens must cross. Furthermore, uptake of antigens from the gut to systemic distribution is required for induction of systemic immunity, the dynamics of which are poorly understood. In the present study, groups of Atlantic salmon parr were intubated with live or inactivated infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), either orally or anally. At 1, 24 and 72 h post infection (p.i.), the fish were sacrificed. Serum was used for assessing IPNV by ELISA, while formalin-fixed head-kidney, spleen, liver and intestine tissues were used for the demonstration of antigens by immunohistochemistry. Both live and inactivated IPNV antigens were observed in enterocytes of the intestines and in immune cells of the head-kidneys and spleens of all groups. In the liver, no antigens were observed in any of the groups. Significantly higher serum antigen OD values (p < 0.04) were observed in orally- compared to anally-intubated fish. By contrast, no difference (p = 0.05) was observed in tissue antigens between these groups by immunohistochemistry. No significant difference (p = 0.05) in serum antigens was observed between groups intubated with live and inactivated IPNV, while in tissues, significantly more antigens (p < 0.03) were observe in the latter compared to the former. These findings demonstrate that both live and inactivated IPNV are taken up by enterocytes in the intestines of Atlantic salmon, likely by receptor-mediated mechanisms. Higher IPNV uptake by the oral compared to anal route suggests that both the anterior and posterior intestines are important for the uptake of the virus and that IPNV is resistant to gastric degradation of the Atlantic salmon stomach. |
topic |
infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) Atlantic salmon oral anal uptake |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/7/5/2507 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT lihanchen ipnvantigenuptakeanddistributioninatlanticsalmonfollowingoraladministration AT øysteinevensen ipnvantigenuptakeanddistributioninatlanticsalmonfollowingoraladministration AT stephenmutoloki ipnvantigenuptakeanddistributioninatlanticsalmonfollowingoraladministration |
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1725477288800157696 |