Physicochemical, Antioxidant, Microstructural Properties and Bioaccessibility of Dark Chocolate with Plant Extracts
In this study, dark chocolates (DCh) containing zinc lactate (ZnL) were enriched with extracts from elderberries (EFrE), elderflowers (EFlE), and chokeberries (ChFrE) to improve their functional properties. Both dried plant extracts and chocolates were analyzed for antioxidant capacity (AC) using fo...
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doaj-749dc178a338434e9750124331d80baf2021-09-26T00:46:11ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-09-01265523552310.3390/molecules26185523Physicochemical, Antioxidant, Microstructural Properties and Bioaccessibility of Dark Chocolate with Plant ExtractsSzymon Poliński0Sylwia Kowalska1Patrycja Topka2Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak3Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, PolandDepartment of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, PolandFabryka Cukiernicza Kopernik S.A., Stanisława Żółkiewskiego 34, 87-100 Toruń, PolandDepartment of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, PolandIn this study, dark chocolates (DCh) containing zinc lactate (ZnL) were enriched with extracts from elderberries (EFrE), elderflowers (EFlE), and chokeberries (ChFrE) to improve their functional properties. Both dried plant extracts and chocolates were analyzed for antioxidant capacity (AC) using four different analytical methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), while total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu (F–C) assay. An increase in antioxidant properties of fortified chocolates was found, and the bioaccessibility of their antioxidants was evaluated. The highest AC and TPC were found in ChFrE and chocolate with chokeberries (DCh + ChFrE) before and after simulated in vitro digestion. Bioaccessibility studies indicated that during the simulated digestion the AC of all chocolates reduced significantly, whereas insignificant differences in TPC results were observed between chemical and physiological extracts. Moreover, the influence of plant extracts on physicochemical parameters such as moisture content (MC), fat content (FC), and viscosity of chocolates was estimated. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy with dispersive energy spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was used to analyze surface properties and differences in the chemical composition of chocolates without and with additives.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/18/5523dark chocolateplant extractsantioxidant capacityphenolics contentin vitro digestionscanning electron microscopy with dispersive energy spectroscopy |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Szymon Poliński Sylwia Kowalska Patrycja Topka Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak |
spellingShingle |
Szymon Poliński Sylwia Kowalska Patrycja Topka Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak Physicochemical, Antioxidant, Microstructural Properties and Bioaccessibility of Dark Chocolate with Plant Extracts Molecules dark chocolate plant extracts antioxidant capacity phenolics content in vitro digestion scanning electron microscopy with dispersive energy spectroscopy |
author_facet |
Szymon Poliński Sylwia Kowalska Patrycja Topka Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak |
author_sort |
Szymon Poliński |
title |
Physicochemical, Antioxidant, Microstructural Properties and Bioaccessibility of Dark Chocolate with Plant Extracts |
title_short |
Physicochemical, Antioxidant, Microstructural Properties and Bioaccessibility of Dark Chocolate with Plant Extracts |
title_full |
Physicochemical, Antioxidant, Microstructural Properties and Bioaccessibility of Dark Chocolate with Plant Extracts |
title_fullStr |
Physicochemical, Antioxidant, Microstructural Properties and Bioaccessibility of Dark Chocolate with Plant Extracts |
title_full_unstemmed |
Physicochemical, Antioxidant, Microstructural Properties and Bioaccessibility of Dark Chocolate with Plant Extracts |
title_sort |
physicochemical, antioxidant, microstructural properties and bioaccessibility of dark chocolate with plant extracts |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2021-09-01 |
description |
In this study, dark chocolates (DCh) containing zinc lactate (ZnL) were enriched with extracts from elderberries (EFrE), elderflowers (EFlE), and chokeberries (ChFrE) to improve their functional properties. Both dried plant extracts and chocolates were analyzed for antioxidant capacity (AC) using four different analytical methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), while total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu (F–C) assay. An increase in antioxidant properties of fortified chocolates was found, and the bioaccessibility of their antioxidants was evaluated. The highest AC and TPC were found in ChFrE and chocolate with chokeberries (DCh + ChFrE) before and after simulated in vitro digestion. Bioaccessibility studies indicated that during the simulated digestion the AC of all chocolates reduced significantly, whereas insignificant differences in TPC results were observed between chemical and physiological extracts. Moreover, the influence of plant extracts on physicochemical parameters such as moisture content (MC), fat content (FC), and viscosity of chocolates was estimated. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy with dispersive energy spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was used to analyze surface properties and differences in the chemical composition of chocolates without and with additives. |
topic |
dark chocolate plant extracts antioxidant capacity phenolics content in vitro digestion scanning electron microscopy with dispersive energy spectroscopy |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/18/5523 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT szymonpolinski physicochemicalantioxidantmicrostructuralpropertiesandbioaccessibilityofdarkchocolatewithplantextracts AT sylwiakowalska physicochemicalantioxidantmicrostructuralpropertiesandbioaccessibilityofdarkchocolatewithplantextracts AT patrycjatopka physicochemicalantioxidantmicrostructuralpropertiesandbioaccessibilityofdarkchocolatewithplantextracts AT aleksandraszydłowskaczerniak physicochemicalantioxidantmicrostructuralpropertiesandbioaccessibilityofdarkchocolatewithplantextracts |
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