Costs of Reproduction in Breeding Female Mallards: Predation Risk during Incubation Drives Annual Mortality
The effort expended on reproduction may entail future costs, such as reduced survival or fecundity, and these costs can have an important influence on life-history optimization. For birds with precocial offspring, hypothesized costs of reproduction have typically emphasized nutritional and energetic...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Resilience Alliance
2012-06-01
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| Series: | Avian Conservation and Ecology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.ace-eco.org/vol7/iss1/art1/ |