Ligustrazine monomer against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

• Main Authors: Hai-jun Gao, Peng-fei Liu, Pei-wen Li, Zhuo-yan Huang, Feng-bo Yu, Ting Lei, Yong Chen, Ye Cheng, Qing-chun Mu, Hai-yan Huang
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications 2015-01-01
• Series: Neural Regeneration Research
• Subjects: active zone stability; Drosophila; neuromuscular junction; dephosphorylation; Liprin-α; Syd-1; PP2A; GSK-3ß; living scaffolds; neural tissue engineering; cell transplant; biomaterials; regeneration; neurotrauma; neurodegeneration; axon pathfinding; cell migration; injury; plasticity; neurodegenerative disease; brain; therapy; neuron; microglia; neural progenitor; tissue engineering; neuroregeneration; repair; central nervous system; biomaterial; regenerative medicine; nanotechnology; spinal cord injury; axonal regeneration; exosome; extracellular vesicle; microRNA; microvesicle; nerve gap; neurite outgrowth; peripheral nerve injury; Schwann cell; stem cell; hemodynamic phases; cerebral subarachnoid hemorrhage; metabolic crises; nerve regeneration; hypoxic-ischemic brain damage; ginsenoside Rg1; neural stem cells; cell transplantation; cell differentiation; cognition; nerve reconstruction; neural regeneration; brain injury; neuroimaging; functional magnetic resonance imaging; regional homogeneity; apoplexy; subacute; ischemia; participants; healthy; volunteers; brain activity; NSFC grants; neuroprotection; cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury; lateral intracerebroventricular injection; Apelin-13; nerve apoptosis; Bcl-2; caspase-3; fractalkine; CX3 chemokine receptor 1; neuronal maturation; dendrites; doublecortin; synaptic maturation; newborn neurons; neurodegenerative diseases; Alzheimer′s disease; transgenic animal models; mice; epimedium herb; milkvetch root; kudzuvine root; divalent metal transporter 1; ferroportin 1; microRNA-124; neurogenesis; neuronal survival; Huntington′s disease; SRY-related HMG box transcription factor 9; brain-derived neurotrophic factor; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; mutant huntingtin; Ras/Raf/Erk1/2 signaling pathway; apoptosis; regulation; inhibition; neurogenic bladder; bibliometric analysis; Web of Science database; visualization analysis; CiteSpace III; citation analysis; sciatic nerve injury; autologous nerve grafting; epineurial suturing; three-dimensional finite element models; load; stress; displacement; facial palsy; Bell′s palsy; comparison; methodological quality; fixed effect model; acupuncture; incomplete recovery; randomized controlled trials; electroacupuncture; thalidomide; ankylosing spondylitis; adverse reactions; peripheral neuropathy;prospective study; treatment; dose; treatment time; age; sex; neurological diseases; nerve growth factor; meta-analysis; adverse effects; nerve conduction velocity; ligustrazine
• Online Access: http://www.nrronline.org/article.asp?issn=1673-5374;year=2015;volume=10;issue=5;spage=832;epage=840;aulast=Gao
• ISSN: 1673-5374

Ligustrazine (2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine) is a major active ingredient of the Szechwan lovage rhizome and is extensively used in treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The mechanism of action of ligustrazine use against ischemic cerebrovascular diseases remains unclear at present. This study summarizes its protective effect, the optimum time window of administration, and the most effective mode of administration for clinical treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We examine the effects of ligustrazine on suppressing excitatory amino acid release, promoting migration, differentiation and proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells. We also looked at its effects on angiogenesis and how it inhibits thrombosis, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis after cerebral ischemia. We consider that ligustrazine gives noticeable protection from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The time window of ligustrazine administration is limited. The protective effect and time window of a series of derivative monomers of ligustrazine such as 2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, CXC137 and CXC195 after cerebral ischemia were better than ligustrazine.