Optical measurement of tissue perfusion changes as an alternative to electrocardiography for heart rate monitoring in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Abstract Background Welfare challenges in salmon farming highlights the need to improve understanding of the fish’s response to its environment and rearing operations. This can be achieved by monitoring physiological responses such as heart rate (HR) for individual fish. Existing solutions for heart...
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doaj-8d5f5599761d45cf90a73fa3363cdf412021-09-26T11:51:34ZengBMCAnimal Biotelemetry2050-33852021-09-019111210.1186/s40317-021-00264-wOptical measurement of tissue perfusion changes as an alternative to electrocardiography for heart rate monitoring in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)Eirik Svendsen0Finn Økland1Martin Føre2Lise L. Randeberg3Bengt Finstad4Rolf E. Olsen5Jo A. Alfredsen6Department of Engineering Cybernetics, NTNUNorwegian Institute for Nature ResearchDepartment of Engineering Cybernetics, NTNUDepartment of Electronic SystemsDepartment of Biology, NTNUDepartment of Biology, NTNUDepartment of Engineering Cybernetics, NTNUAbstract Background Welfare challenges in salmon farming highlights the need to improve understanding of the fish’s response to its environment and rearing operations. This can be achieved by monitoring physiological responses such as heart rate (HR) for individual fish. Existing solutions for heart rate monitoring are typically based on Electrocardiography (ECG) which is sensitive to placement and electrode orientation. These factors are difficult to control and affects the reliability of the principle, prompting the desire to find an alternative to ECG for heart rate monitoring in fish. This study was aimed at adapting an optical photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor for this purpose. An embedded sensor unit measuring both PPG and ECG was developed and tested using anesthetized Atlantic salmon in a series of in-vivo experiments. HR was derived from PPG and compared to the ECG baseline to evaluate its efficacy in estimating heart rate. Results The results show that PPG HR was estimated with an accuracy of 0.7 ± 1.0% for 660 nm and 1.1 ± 1.2% for 880 nm wavelengths, respectively, relative to the ECG HR baseline. The results also indicate that PPG should be measured in the anterior part of the peritoneal cavity in the direction of the heart. Conclusion A PPG/ECG module was successfully adapted to measure both ECG and PPG in-vivo for anesthetized Atlantic salmon. Using ECG as baseline, PPG analysis results show that that HR can be accurately estimated from PPG. Thus, PPG has the potential to become an alternative to ECG HR measurements in fish.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40317-021-00264-wSalmo salarHeart rateImplantBiosensorsPhotoplethysmography |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Eirik Svendsen Finn Økland Martin Føre Lise L. Randeberg Bengt Finstad Rolf E. Olsen Jo A. Alfredsen |
spellingShingle |
Eirik Svendsen Finn Økland Martin Føre Lise L. Randeberg Bengt Finstad Rolf E. Olsen Jo A. Alfredsen Optical measurement of tissue perfusion changes as an alternative to electrocardiography for heart rate monitoring in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Animal Biotelemetry Salmo salar Heart rate Implant Biosensors Photoplethysmography |
author_facet |
Eirik Svendsen Finn Økland Martin Føre Lise L. Randeberg Bengt Finstad Rolf E. Olsen Jo A. Alfredsen |
author_sort |
Eirik Svendsen |
title |
Optical measurement of tissue perfusion changes as an alternative to electrocardiography for heart rate monitoring in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) |
title_short |
Optical measurement of tissue perfusion changes as an alternative to electrocardiography for heart rate monitoring in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) |
title_full |
Optical measurement of tissue perfusion changes as an alternative to electrocardiography for heart rate monitoring in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) |
title_fullStr |
Optical measurement of tissue perfusion changes as an alternative to electrocardiography for heart rate monitoring in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Optical measurement of tissue perfusion changes as an alternative to electrocardiography for heart rate monitoring in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) |
title_sort |
optical measurement of tissue perfusion changes as an alternative to electrocardiography for heart rate monitoring in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
Animal Biotelemetry |
issn |
2050-3385 |
publishDate |
2021-09-01 |
description |
Abstract Background Welfare challenges in salmon farming highlights the need to improve understanding of the fish’s response to its environment and rearing operations. This can be achieved by monitoring physiological responses such as heart rate (HR) for individual fish. Existing solutions for heart rate monitoring are typically based on Electrocardiography (ECG) which is sensitive to placement and electrode orientation. These factors are difficult to control and affects the reliability of the principle, prompting the desire to find an alternative to ECG for heart rate monitoring in fish. This study was aimed at adapting an optical photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor for this purpose. An embedded sensor unit measuring both PPG and ECG was developed and tested using anesthetized Atlantic salmon in a series of in-vivo experiments. HR was derived from PPG and compared to the ECG baseline to evaluate its efficacy in estimating heart rate. Results The results show that PPG HR was estimated with an accuracy of 0.7 ± 1.0% for 660 nm and 1.1 ± 1.2% for 880 nm wavelengths, respectively, relative to the ECG HR baseline. The results also indicate that PPG should be measured in the anterior part of the peritoneal cavity in the direction of the heart. Conclusion A PPG/ECG module was successfully adapted to measure both ECG and PPG in-vivo for anesthetized Atlantic salmon. Using ECG as baseline, PPG analysis results show that that HR can be accurately estimated from PPG. Thus, PPG has the potential to become an alternative to ECG HR measurements in fish. |
topic |
Salmo salar Heart rate Implant Biosensors Photoplethysmography |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40317-021-00264-w |
work_keys_str_mv |
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