Human Brain Organoids to Decode Mechanisms of Microcephaly
Brain organoids are stem cell-based self-assembling 3D structures that recapitulate early events of human brain development. Recent improvements with patient-specific 3D brain organoids have begun to elucidate unprecedented details of the defective mechanisms that cause neurodevelopmental disorders...
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2020-05-01
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doaj-a7bd891fede04150a9fb6ca4c7c1c4252020-11-25T03:16:55ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience1662-51022020-05-011410.3389/fncel.2020.00115532477Human Brain Organoids to Decode Mechanisms of MicrocephalyElke GabrielAnand RamaniNazlican AltinisikJay GopalakrishnanBrain organoids are stem cell-based self-assembling 3D structures that recapitulate early events of human brain development. Recent improvements with patient-specific 3D brain organoids have begun to elucidate unprecedented details of the defective mechanisms that cause neurodevelopmental disorders of congenital and acquired microcephaly. In particular, brain organoids derived from primary microcephaly patients have uncovered mechanisms that deregulate neural stem cell proliferation, maintenance, and differentiation. Not only did brain organoids reveal unknown aspects of neurogenesis but also have illuminated surprising roles of cellular structures of centrosomes and primary cilia in regulating neurogenesis during brain development. Here, we discuss how brain organoids have started contributing to decoding the complexities of microcephaly, which are unlikely to be identified in the existing non-human models. Finally, we discuss the yet unresolved questions and challenges that can be addressed with the use of brain organoids as in vitro models of neurodevelopmental disorders.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2020.00115/fullcentrosomesprimary cilianeural progenitor cells (NPCs)induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)human brain organoidsmicrocephaly |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Elke Gabriel Anand Ramani Nazlican Altinisik Jay Gopalakrishnan |
spellingShingle |
Elke Gabriel Anand Ramani Nazlican Altinisik Jay Gopalakrishnan Human Brain Organoids to Decode Mechanisms of Microcephaly Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience centrosomes primary cilia neural progenitor cells (NPCs) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) human brain organoids microcephaly |
author_facet |
Elke Gabriel Anand Ramani Nazlican Altinisik Jay Gopalakrishnan |
author_sort |
Elke Gabriel |
title |
Human Brain Organoids to Decode Mechanisms of Microcephaly |
title_short |
Human Brain Organoids to Decode Mechanisms of Microcephaly |
title_full |
Human Brain Organoids to Decode Mechanisms of Microcephaly |
title_fullStr |
Human Brain Organoids to Decode Mechanisms of Microcephaly |
title_full_unstemmed |
Human Brain Organoids to Decode Mechanisms of Microcephaly |
title_sort |
human brain organoids to decode mechanisms of microcephaly |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
issn |
1662-5102 |
publishDate |
2020-05-01 |
description |
Brain organoids are stem cell-based self-assembling 3D structures that recapitulate early events of human brain development. Recent improvements with patient-specific 3D brain organoids have begun to elucidate unprecedented details of the defective mechanisms that cause neurodevelopmental disorders of congenital and acquired microcephaly. In particular, brain organoids derived from primary microcephaly patients have uncovered mechanisms that deregulate neural stem cell proliferation, maintenance, and differentiation. Not only did brain organoids reveal unknown aspects of neurogenesis but also have illuminated surprising roles of cellular structures of centrosomes and primary cilia in regulating neurogenesis during brain development. Here, we discuss how brain organoids have started contributing to decoding the complexities of microcephaly, which are unlikely to be identified in the existing non-human models. Finally, we discuss the yet unresolved questions and challenges that can be addressed with the use of brain organoids as in vitro models of neurodevelopmental disorders. |
topic |
centrosomes primary cilia neural progenitor cells (NPCs) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) human brain organoids microcephaly |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2020.00115/full |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT elkegabriel humanbrainorganoidstodecodemechanismsofmicrocephaly AT anandramani humanbrainorganoidstodecodemechanismsofmicrocephaly AT nazlicanaltinisik humanbrainorganoidstodecodemechanismsofmicrocephaly AT jaygopalakrishnan humanbrainorganoidstodecodemechanismsofmicrocephaly |
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