Nano-hydroxyapatite accelerates vascular calcification via lysosome impairment and autophagy dysfunction in smooth muscle cells
Vascular calcification (VC) is a common characteristic of aging, diabetes, chronic renal failure, and atherosclerosis. The basic component of VC is hydroxyapatite (HAp). Nano-sized HAp (nHAp) has been identified to play an essential role in the development of pathological calcification of vasculatur...
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
2022-02-01
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Series: | Bioactive Materials |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452199X21002875 |