Urinary Concentrations of Toxic and Essential Trace Elements among Rural Residents in Hainan Island, China
Background: Toxic element exposure and essential trace element consumption may have changed after the Chinese economy transformed to a market-oriented system. The objectives of this study were to measure urinary concentrations of toxic (arsenic, cadmium, lead) and essential trace (selenium, zinc, co...
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doaj-d009f479a9fb4254a22a7a8463567c9f2020-11-24T21:27:07ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1660-46012014-12-011112130471306410.3390/ijerph111213047ijerph111213047Urinary Concentrations of Toxic and Essential Trace Elements among Rural Residents in Hainan Island, ChinaYosuke Inoue0Masahiro Umezaki1Hongwei Jiang2Dandan Li3Jianwei Du4Yuming Jin5Bin Yang6Bai Li7Yufeng Li8Chiho Watanabe9Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanDepartment of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanResearch Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047, JapanHainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 44 Haifu Road, Haikou, Hainan 57023, ChinaHainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 44 Haifu Road, Haikou, Hainan 57023, ChinaHainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 44 Haifu Road, Haikou, Hainan 57023, ChinaHainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 44 Haifu Road, Haikou, Hainan 57023, ChinaInstitute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, ChinaInstitute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, ChinaDepartment of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanBackground: Toxic element exposure and essential trace element consumption may have changed after the Chinese economy transformed to a market-oriented system. The objectives of this study were to measure urinary concentrations of toxic (arsenic, cadmium, lead) and essential trace (selenium, zinc, copper) elements among rural residents in Hainan, China and to examine if variations in economic development are linked to differences in toxic and trace element exposure. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based survey and undertook anthropometric measurements of residents aged ≥20 years (n = 599). Urinary samples were collected and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results: The median (μg/g creatinine) element concentrations were: arsenic, 73.2; cadmium, 1.8; lead, 3.1; selenium, 36.5; zinc, 371; and copper, 11.0. Intra-community variation in element concentrations was explained by age (arsenic, cadmium, zinc and copper), sex (arsenic, cadmium and selenium: higher in females; zinc: higher in males), body mass index (cadmium) and individual involvement in the market economy as indexed by agrochemical use (lead and selenium). The degree of community-level economic development, which was determined by the proportion of people living in better housing among the study communities, was positively associated with cadmium concentration. Conclusions: The degree of community-level economic development was positively associated with urinary cadmium concentration while individual involvement in the market economy was positively associated with lead and selenium.http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/12/13047toxic elementsheavytrace elementsurineeconomic developmentChina |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Yosuke Inoue Masahiro Umezaki Hongwei Jiang Dandan Li Jianwei Du Yuming Jin Bin Yang Bai Li Yufeng Li Chiho Watanabe |
spellingShingle |
Yosuke Inoue Masahiro Umezaki Hongwei Jiang Dandan Li Jianwei Du Yuming Jin Bin Yang Bai Li Yufeng Li Chiho Watanabe Urinary Concentrations of Toxic and Essential Trace Elements among Rural Residents in Hainan Island, China International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health toxic elements heavy trace elements urine economic development China |
author_facet |
Yosuke Inoue Masahiro Umezaki Hongwei Jiang Dandan Li Jianwei Du Yuming Jin Bin Yang Bai Li Yufeng Li Chiho Watanabe |
author_sort |
Yosuke Inoue |
title |
Urinary Concentrations of Toxic and Essential Trace Elements among Rural Residents in Hainan Island, China |
title_short |
Urinary Concentrations of Toxic and Essential Trace Elements among Rural Residents in Hainan Island, China |
title_full |
Urinary Concentrations of Toxic and Essential Trace Elements among Rural Residents in Hainan Island, China |
title_fullStr |
Urinary Concentrations of Toxic and Essential Trace Elements among Rural Residents in Hainan Island, China |
title_full_unstemmed |
Urinary Concentrations of Toxic and Essential Trace Elements among Rural Residents in Hainan Island, China |
title_sort |
urinary concentrations of toxic and essential trace elements among rural residents in hainan island, china |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
issn |
1660-4601 |
publishDate |
2014-12-01 |
description |
Background: Toxic element exposure and essential trace element consumption may have changed after the Chinese economy transformed to a market-oriented system. The objectives of this study were to measure urinary concentrations of toxic (arsenic, cadmium, lead) and essential trace (selenium, zinc, copper) elements among rural residents in Hainan, China and to examine if variations in economic development are linked to differences in toxic and trace element exposure. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based survey and undertook anthropometric measurements of residents aged ≥20 years (n = 599). Urinary samples were collected and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results: The median (μg/g creatinine) element concentrations were: arsenic, 73.2; cadmium, 1.8; lead, 3.1; selenium, 36.5; zinc, 371; and copper, 11.0. Intra-community variation in element concentrations was explained by age (arsenic, cadmium, zinc and copper), sex (arsenic, cadmium and selenium: higher in females; zinc: higher in males), body mass index (cadmium) and individual involvement in the market economy as indexed by agrochemical use (lead and selenium). The degree of community-level economic development, which was determined by the proportion of people living in better housing among the study communities, was positively associated with cadmium concentration. Conclusions: The degree of community-level economic development was positively associated with urinary cadmium concentration while individual involvement in the market economy was positively associated with lead and selenium. |
topic |
toxic elements heavy trace elements urine economic development China |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/12/13047 |
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