<i>Naja atra</i> Cardiotoxin 3 Elicits Autophagy and Apoptosis in U937 Human Leukemia Cells through the Ca<sup>2+</sup>/PP2A/AMPK Axis
Cardiotoxins (CTXs) are suggested to exert their cytotoxicity through cell membrane damage. Other studies show that penetration of CTXs into cells elicits mitochondrial fragmentation or lysosome disruption, leading to cell death. Considering the role of AMPK-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in mitoch...
Main Authors: | Jing-Ting Chiou, Yi-Jun Shi, Liang-Jun Wang, Chia-Hui Huang, Yuan-Chin Lee, Long-Sen Chang |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-09-01
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Series: | Toxins |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/9/527 |
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