Nicotine and its Downstream Metabolites in Maternal and Cord Sera: Biomarkers of Prenatal Smoking Exposure Associated with Offspring DNA Methylation
Nicotine is a major constituent of cigarette smoke. Its primary metabolite in maternal and cord sera, cotinine, is considered a biomarker of prenatal smoking. Nicotine and cotinine half-lives are decreased in pregnancy due to their increased rate of metabolism and conversion to downstream metabolite...
Main Authors: | Parnian Kheirkhah Rahimabad, Thilani M. Anthony, A. Daniel Jones, Shakiba Eslamimehr, Nandini Mukherjee, Susan Ewart, John W. Holloway, Hasan Arshad, Sarah Commodore, Wilfried Karmaus |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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Series: | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/24/9552 |
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