| Summary: | Thiopurines, mercaptopurine, and azathioprine are used as immunosuppressants in the treatments of inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and organ transplantation and as chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of acute leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia. This drug class sometimes causes severe adverse reactions, including bone marrow suppression and hair loss. Genetic polymorphisms of the metabolizing enzyme thiopurine S-methyltransferase have been used for predicting these reactions in Caucasians, but these allele frequencies are less frequently observed in Asian populations. Recently, nudix hydrolase 15 (<i>NUDT15</i>) polymorphisms have been shown to play an important role in thiopurine-induced adverse reactions in Asians. In this review, we summarize the <i>NUDT15</i> studies, mainly in Asian countries, and their implementation in several countries.
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