Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic Review
Breast milk is characterized by a dynamic and complex composition which includes hormones and other bioactive components that could influence infant growth, development, and optimize health. Among the several beneficial effects associated with prolonged breastfeeding, a 13% decrease in the risk of o...
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doaj-d6840ba487584084a5082822d43414e82020-11-25T01:57:17ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432019-08-01118184510.3390/nu11081845nu11081845Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic ReviewAlessandra Mazzocchi0Maria Lorella Giannì1Daniela Morniroli2Ludovica Leone3Paola Roggero4Carlo Agostoni5Valentina De Cosmi6Fabio Mosca7Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, ItalyFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, 20122 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, ItalyBreast milk is characterized by a dynamic and complex composition which includes hormones and other bioactive components that could influence infant growth, development, and optimize health. Among the several beneficial effects associated with prolonged breastfeeding, a 13% decrease in the risk of overweight and obesity has been reported. Recent research has focused on breast milk hormones contributing to the appetite and energy balance regulation and adiposity. Accordingly, we conducted a literature systematic review with the aim to provide an update on the effect of leptin, ghrelin, Insulin Growth Factor 1, adiponectin, and insulin on infants’ and children’s growth and body composition. The revised literature reveals contrasting findings concerning the potential role of all these hormones on modeling growth and fat mass apposition and health outcomes later in life. Further studies are needed to gain further insight into the specific role of these bioactive components in metabolic pathways related to body composition. This could help gain a further insight on infants’ growth, both in physiological and pathological settings.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/8/1845hormonesadipokinesbreast milkgrowthbody compositionterm infant |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Alessandra Mazzocchi Maria Lorella Giannì Daniela Morniroli Ludovica Leone Paola Roggero Carlo Agostoni Valentina De Cosmi Fabio Mosca |
spellingShingle |
Alessandra Mazzocchi Maria Lorella Giannì Daniela Morniroli Ludovica Leone Paola Roggero Carlo Agostoni Valentina De Cosmi Fabio Mosca Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic Review Nutrients hormones adipokines breast milk growth body composition term infant |
author_facet |
Alessandra Mazzocchi Maria Lorella Giannì Daniela Morniroli Ludovica Leone Paola Roggero Carlo Agostoni Valentina De Cosmi Fabio Mosca |
author_sort |
Alessandra Mazzocchi |
title |
Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic Review |
title_short |
Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic Review |
title_full |
Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic Review |
title_fullStr |
Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic Review |
title_full_unstemmed |
Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants’ Growth: A Systematic Review |
title_sort |
hormones in breast milk and effect on infants’ growth: a systematic review |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Nutrients |
issn |
2072-6643 |
publishDate |
2019-08-01 |
description |
Breast milk is characterized by a dynamic and complex composition which includes hormones and other bioactive components that could influence infant growth, development, and optimize health. Among the several beneficial effects associated with prolonged breastfeeding, a 13% decrease in the risk of overweight and obesity has been reported. Recent research has focused on breast milk hormones contributing to the appetite and energy balance regulation and adiposity. Accordingly, we conducted a literature systematic review with the aim to provide an update on the effect of leptin, ghrelin, Insulin Growth Factor 1, adiponectin, and insulin on infants’ and children’s growth and body composition. The revised literature reveals contrasting findings concerning the potential role of all these hormones on modeling growth and fat mass apposition and health outcomes later in life. Further studies are needed to gain further insight into the specific role of these bioactive components in metabolic pathways related to body composition. This could help gain a further insight on infants’ growth, both in physiological and pathological settings. |
topic |
hormones adipokines breast milk growth body composition term infant |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/8/1845 |
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