Impact of Cigarette Smoking on the Risk of Osteoporosis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Impact of Cigarette Smoking on the Risk of Osteoporosis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Cigarette smoking constitutes one of the most important modifiable factors of osteoporosis, as well as contributes to an early death, tumors, and numerous chronic diseases. The group with an increased risk of a lower bone mineral density are patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases. In fa...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Alicja Ewa Ratajczak, Aleksandra Szymczak-Tomczak, Anna Maria Rychter, Agnieszka Zawada, Agnieszka Dobrowolska, Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-04-01
Series:Journal of Clinical Medicine
Subjects:
Crohn’s disease
inflammatory bowel disease
ulcerative colitis
bone disorders
IBD clinical course
smoking
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/7/1515

Internet

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/7/1515

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