“We Know Our Rights and Have the Courage to Defend Them”: The Spirit of Agitation in the Age of Accommodation, 1883–1909
The period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is one of the darkest epochs in American race relations. During the ‘nadir,’ African Americans responded to their conditions in numerous ways, including among others the promotion of self-help, racial solidarity, economic nationalism, p...
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| Language: | ENG |
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ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst
2004
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| Online Access: | https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3152669 |