Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018

• Main Authors: Abady, G.G (Author), Abd-Allah, F. (Author), Abdelalim, A. (Author), Abebo, Z.H (Author), Abejie, A.N (Author), Abosetugn, A.E (Author), Abreu, L.G (Author), Abrigo, M.R.M (Author), Abu-Gharbieh, E. (Author), Abushouk, A.I (Author), Adamu, A.L (Author), Adedeji, I.A (Author), Adegbosin, A.E (Author), Adekanmbi, V. (Author), Adetokunboh, O.O (Author), Agudelo-Botero, M. (Author), Aji, B. (Author), Akinyemi, O.O (Author), Alamneh, A.A (Author), Alanezi, F.M (Author), Alanzi, T.M (Author), Albright, J. (Author), Alcalde-Rabanal, J.E (Author), Alemu, B.W (Author), Alhassan, R.K (Author), Ali, B.A (Author), Ali, S. (Author), Alinia, C. (Author), Alipour, V. (Author), Amit, A.M.L (Author), Amugsi, D.A (Author), Anbesu, E.W (Author), Ancuceanu, R. (Author), Anjomshoa, M. (Author), Ansari, F. (Author), Antonio, C.A.T (Author), Anvari, D. (Author), Arabloo, J. (Author), Arora, A. (Author), Artanti, K.D (Author), Asemahagn, M.A (Author), Asmare, W.N (Author), Atout, M.M.W (Author), Ausloos, M. (Author), Awoke, N. (Author), Ayanore, M.A (Author), Aynalem, Y.A (Author), Ayza, M.A (Author), Azene, Z.N (Author), Badiye, A.D (Author), Baig, A.A (Author), Bakkannavar, S.M (Author), Banach, M. (Author), Banik, P.C (Author), Bärnighausen, T.W (Author), Basaleem, H. (Author), Bayati, M. (Author), Baye, B.A (Author), Bedi, N. (Author), Belay, S.A (Author), Bhagavathula, A.S (Author), Bhandari, D. (Author), Bhardwaj, N. (Author), Bhardwaj, P. (Author), Bhattacharjee, N.V (Author), Bhutta, Z.A (Author), Bijani, A. (Author), Birhan, T.A (Author), Birihane, B.M (Author), Bitew, Z.W (Author), Bohlouli, S. (Author), Bohluli, M. (Author), Bojia, H.A (Author), Boloor, A. (Author), Brady, O.J (Author), Bragazzi, N.L (Author), Brunoni, A.R (Author), Budhathoki, S.S (Author), Butt, Z.A (Author), Cárdenas, R. (Author), Castaldelli-Maia, J.M (Author), Castro, F. (Author), Cernigliaro, A. (Author), Charan, J. (Author), Chatterjee, P. (Author), Chatterjee, S. (Author), Chattu, V.K (Author), Chaturvedi, S. (Author), Chowdhury, M.A.K (Author), Chu, D.-T (Author), Collison, M.L (Author), Cook, A.J (Author), Cork, M.A (Author), Couto, R.A.S (Author), Dagnew, B. (Author), Dai, H. (Author), Dandona, L. (Author), Dandona, R. (Author), Daneshpajouhnejad, P. (Author), Darshan, B.B (Author), Darwesh, A.M (Author), Darwish, A.H (Author), Daryani, A. (Author), Das, J.K (Author), Dávila-Cervantes, C.A (Author), Davis, A.C (Author), de Hidru, H.D (Author), Denova-Gutiérrez, E. (Author), Deribe, K. (Author), Desalew, A. (Author), Deshpande, A. (Author), Dessie, A. (Author), Deuba, K. (Author), Dharmaratne, S.D (Author), Dhimal, M. (Author), Dhungana, G.P (Author), Diaz, D. (Author), Didarloo, A. (Author), Dipeolu, I.O (Author), Doan, L.P (Author), Donkers, K.M (Author), Duko, B. (Author), Duraes, A.R (Author), Dwyer-Lindgren, L. (Author), Earl, L. (Author), Elema, T.B (Author), Elhabashy, H.R (Author), El-Jaafary, S.I (Author), Faris, P.S (Author), Faro, A. (Author), Farzadfar, F. (Author), Feigin, V.L (Author), Feleke, B.E (Author), Ferede, T.Y (Author), Fischer, F. (Author), Foigt, N.A (Author), Folayan, M.O (Author), Franklin, R.C (Author), Gad, M.M (Author), Gaidhane, S. (Author), Gardner, W.M (Author), Geberemariyam, B.S (Author), Gebregiorgis, B.G (Author), Gebremedhin, K.B (Author), Gebremichael, B. (Author), Ghaffarpasand, F. (Author), Gilani, S.A (Author), Ginindza, T.G (Author), Glagn, M. (Author), Golechha, M. (Author), Gonfa, K.B (Author), Goulart, B.N.G (Author), Gudi, N. (Author), Guido, D. (Author), Guled, R.A (Author), Guo, Y. (Author), Gupta, R.D (Author), Hamidi, S. (Author), Handiso, D.W (Author), Hasaballah, A.I (Author), Hassan, A. (Author), Hay, S.I (Author), Hayat, K. (Author), Hegazy, M.I (Author), Heidari, B. (Author), Henry, N.J (Author), Herteliu, C. (Author), Ho, H.C (Author), Hoang, C.L (Author), Holla, R. (Author), Hon, J. (Author), Hosseini, M. (Author), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Author), Househ, M. (Author), Hsairi, M. (Author), Hu, G. (Author), Huda, T.M (Author), Hwang, B.-F (Author), Ibitoye, S.E (Author), Ilesanmi, O.S (Author), Ilic, I.M (Author), Ilic, M.D (Author), Inbaraj, L.R (Author), Iqbal, U. (Author), Irvani, S.S.N (Author), Islam, M.M (Author), Iwu, C.C.D (Author), Iwu, C.J (Author), Jain, A. (Author), Janodia, M.D (Author), Javaheri, T. (Author), John-Akinola, Y.O (Author), Johnson, K.B (Author), Joukar, F. (Author), Jozwiak, J.J (Author), Kabir, A. (Author), Kalankesh, L.R (Author), Kalhor, R. (Author), Kamath, A. (Author), Kamyari, N. (Author), Kanchan, O.T (Author), Kapoor, N. (Author), Karimi, S.E (Author), Karyani, A.K (Author), Kasaye, H.K (Author), Kassahun, G. (Author), Kassebaum, N.J (Author), Kayode, G.A (Author), Keiyoro, P.N (Author), Kelkay, B. (Author), Khalid, N. (Author), Khan, M.N (Author), Khaneghah, A.M (Author), Khatab, K. (Author), Khater, A.M (Author), Khater, M.M (Author), Khatib, M.N (Author), Kim, Y.J (Author), Kimokoti, R.W (Author), Kinyoki, D.K (Author), Kisa, A. (Author), Kisa, S. (Author), Kosen, S. (Author), Krishan, K. (Author), Kulkarni, V. (Author), Kumar, G.A (Author), Kumar, M. (Author), Kumar, N. (Author), Kumar, P. (Author), Kurmi, O.P (Author), Kusuma, D. (Author), Lad, S.D (Author), Lami, F.H (Author), Landires, I. (Author), Lansingh, V.C (Author), Lasrado, S. (Author), Lazzar-Atwood, A. (Author), Lee, P.H (Author), LeGrand, K.E (Author), Letourneau, I.D (Author), Lewycka, S. (Author), Li, B. (Author), Li, M.-C (Author), Li, S. (Author), Liu, X. (Author), Local Burden of Disease Exclusive Breastfeeding Collaborators (Author), Lodha, R. (Author), Lopez, J.C.F (Author), Louie, C. (Author), Lu, D. (Author), Machado, D.B (Author), Mahesh, P.A (Author), Maled, V. (Author), Maleki, S. 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• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Nature Research 2021
• Subjects: breast feeding; Breast Feeding; Developing Countries; developing country; geography; Geography; health disparity; Health Status Disparities; human; Humans; management; Policy Making; prevalence; Prevalence; public policy; Public Policy; spatial analysis; Spatial Analysis
• Online Access: View Fulltext in Publisher
• ISBN: 23973374 (ISSN)
• DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01108-6

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030. © 2021, The Author(s).