The influence of cigarette smoking on gingival bleeding and serum concentrations of haptoglobin and alpha 1-antitrypsin

The influence of cigarette smoking on gingival bleeding and serum concentrations of haptoglobin and alpha 1-antitrypsin

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The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of cigarette smoking on gingival bleeding and serum concentrations of cotinine, haptoglobin, and alpha 1-antitrypsin in Malaysian smokers. A total of 197 male smokers and nonsmokers were recruited for this study. Plaque index, bleeding on p...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Abdulla, M.A (Author), Al-Bayaty, F.H (Author), Albayaty, M.F (Author), Ali, H.M (Author), Arkilla, M.B (Author), Baharuddin, N. (Author)
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
adult
Adult
alpha 1 antitrypsin
alpha 1-Antitrypsin
article
blood
blood level
clinical evaluation
clinical trial
comparative study
cotinine
disease marker
female
Female
gingiva bleeding
gingival bleeding upon probing
Gingival Hemorrhage
haptoglobin
Haptoglobins
human
Humans
major clinical study
Malaysia
male
Male
metabolism
middle aged
Middle Aged
mouth hygiene
smoking
Smoking
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