Anomaly detection 1 Bond defects 1 Computer vision 1 Convolution 1 Convolutional neural network 1 Convolutional neural networks 1 Fine tuning 1 Generative adversarial networks 1 Hybrid model 1 Model-based OPC 1 Object detection 1 Performance 1 Railroad transportation 1 Railroads 1 Railway system 1 Signal bond defect 1 Signal detection 1 Textures 1 Vision transformer 1 computer vision 1 convolutional neural networks 1 fine tuning 1 signal bond defects 1 vision transformers 1